SISC INVITED SPEAKERS – Windows 10 1703 download iso italianos humble definition – windows 10 1703 download iso italianos hu

Looking for:

Windows 10 1703 download iso italianos humble definition – windows 10 1703 download iso italianos hu

Five patient information leaflets are included, which may be offered to patients to improve their understanding of their headache disorders and their management. We hope for benefits for both physicians and patients. Several data indicate that migraine, especially migraine with aura, is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and other vascular events. Of concern is whether the risk of ischemic stroke in migraineurs is magnified by the use of hormonal contraceptives HCs.

As migraine prevalence is high in women of reproductive age, it is common to face the issue of migraine and HC use in clinical practice. The document pointed out that evidence addressing the risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs is generally poor. All information relies on observational data, which may carry the risk of potential bias.

Available studies had different settings and used different groups for comparing risks, limiting reliable comparison of studies as a pooled analysis of data.

Most of the available studies were published several years ago and used compounds which are different from those available today. Additionally, in most studies not enough information is available regarding the type of HC considered and in most cases results are not provided according to migraine type. Despite those limitations, available data pointed toward an increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs in women with migraine.

Literature indicated that, whereas combined HCs carry a certain risk of arterial ischemic events this does not happen for progestogens-only HCs which are considered safe in terms of cardiovascular risk even in the presence of associated risk factors. Considering those data, and unless studies will prove safety of the use of combined HCs in women with migraine, the recommendations from the Consensus Group gave priority to safety and suggested several limitations in the use of combined HCs in women with migraine.

There are alternative methods to combined HCs which provide similar contraceptive benefits but that are much safer in terms of risks. Further research is need to address safety of newer compounds in women with migraine. J Headache Pain ;in press. Neuropathic pain is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. The term lesion is refers to nervous system damage demonstrated by imaging, neurophysiology, biopsies or surgical evidence.

The term disease is used when the nervous system damage is due to a neurological disorder such as stroke or peripheral diabetes neuropathy.

The clinical presentation in central neuropathic pain is similar, but the mechanisms are less well understood. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathic pain include ectopic impulse generation, peripheral sensitization of undamaged nerve fibers, and central sensitization; the latter includes altered signal processing in the CNS due to changes in descending pain modulation.

For this reason the exact prevalence of neuropathic pain is not yet known, but is expected to be high due to the high prevalence of the underlying neurological disorders.

A range of clinical neurophysiological and functional imaging studies have suggested that migraine might be associated with cerebellar dysfunction. These studies all had methodological short-comings to a greater or lesser extent.

Neuro-anatomy and functions of the cerebellum will be reviewed as well as the evidence of cerebellar infarcts in migraineurs. During the last decades, the methods of neurophysiology proved to be very effective in disclosing subtle functional abnormalities of the brain of patients affected by primary headache disorders. These methods received several refinements during the last years, further improving our understanding of headaches pathophysiology.

Abnormal increased responsivity was several times revealed with almost all the sensory modalities of stimulation in migraine between attacks, with its normalization during the attacks. Recently, authors observed that the degree of some neurophysiological abnormalities might depends on the distance from the last attack, i. Somatosensory cortex lateral inhibition, gating, and interhemispheric inhibition were altered in migraine, and may contribute to cortical hyperresponsivity and clinical features.

Cluster headache patients are characterized by a deficient habituation of the brainstem blink reflex during the bout, outside of attacks, on the affected side. Evidence for sensitization of pain processing was disclosed by studying temporal summation threshold of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex, which was less modulated by supraspinal descending inhibitory controls.

In conclusion, much has been discovered and much more needs to be investigated to better understand what causes, how it triggers, keeps and runs out recurrent primary headaches. Clarifying some of these mechanisms might help in the identification of new therapeutic targets.

Within the brain, neuropeptides can modulate the strength of synaptic signaling even at a relatively large distance from their site of release. Given the evidence for CGRP in migraine and potential roles for other hypothalamic peptides, it seems likely that altered neuropeptide actions may be a general theme underlying the heightened sensory state of migraine.

Towards this point, I will briefly discuss our preclinical CGRP and optogenetic studies using light aversive behavior in mouse models as a surrogate for migraine-associated photophobia.

I will describe how both the brain and the periphery are susceptible to elevated CGRP and how CGRP appears to act by distinct mechanisms in these sites. These ideas will be tied together in a speculative model that integrates peripheral and central CGRP actions in photophobia. Classical trigeminal neuralgia TN is a unique neuropathic facial pain disorder. As there are no diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis, it relies on a thorough history and exam.

MRI is used to exclude symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, not to confirm the diagnosis of TN. Knowing how to interpret MRI findings is of importance with respect to surgical treatment options and their expected chance of a successful outcome. TN is characterized by paroxysms of unilateral intense pain usually in the 2 nd and 3 rd trigeminal branch. The pain quality is stabbing and the pain is typically evoked by sensory stimuli like light touch, brushing teeth, cold wind or eating.

Up to half of the patients also have concomitant persistent pain. A smaller proportion of patients may have sporadic autonomic symptoms. The average age of disease onset is in the early fifties and TN is slightly more prevalent in women than in men. As a general rule, the neurological exam is normal in TN patients.

As objective signs of TN, patients may wince at pain paroxysms and may avoid shaving or brushing their teeth on the affected side. Some studies argue that a proportion of TN patients have subtle sensory abnormalities at bedside exam, primarily hypoesthesia. Studies using quantitative sensory testing also documented sensory changes in TN. Rather than indicating nerve damage, the findings may be explained by functional changes of the nervous system in response to severe pain.

There is widespread consensus that TN is associated to a neurovascular contact between the trigeminal nerve and a blood vessel in the prepontine course of the nerve.

Emerging advanced imaging studies confirms that at the site of a neurovascular contact on the ipsilateral side of pain, there is of demyelination — a process that seems to be reversible in some patients after successful surgery. Imaging studies also consistently show that TN is strongly associated to a neurovascular contact with morphological changes of the trigeminal nerve, i. Meanwhile, only half of TN patients have morphological changes of the trigeminal nerve and there may be other unknown etiological factors causing TN.

The pearls and pitfalls of TN diagnosis and neuroimaging is discussed from both a clinical and a scientific perspective. The first evidence for potential role of PACAP in pathomechanism of migraine was the intravenous administration of PACAP caused headache and vasodilatation in healthy subjects as well as in migraineurs, and lead to delayed-type migraine-like attacks [2]. Preclinical experiments revealed that both PACAP and PACAP were found elevated in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of rats following electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or chemical stimulation by nitroglycerin of the trigeminovascular system [3].

A magnetic resonance imaging MRI angiographic study demonstrated that PACAPinduced headache was associated with prolonged dilatation of the middle meningeal arteries, but not of the middle cerebral arteries in healthy volunteers [4]. The recent functional imaging study pointed that intravenous PACAPinduced migraine attacks was associated with alterations in brain network connectivity [6]. Clinical investigation provided evidence of a clear association between migraine phases during a spontaneous migraine attack versus pain-free period and the alteration of plasma PACAP level [7].

The activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system by vasoactive neuropeptides might be crucial factors of the migraine pathogenesis [8]. The recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest the importance of PACAP as a future biomarker of migraine headache.

Schytz, H. PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura. Tuka, B. Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system. Peptides ; Amin, F.

Cephalalgia ; Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Brain ; Neurology ; Alterations in PACAPlike immunoreactivity in the plasma during ictal and interictal periods of migraine patients. Several studies are found a relationship between headache and psychiatric comorbidity in both children and adolescents []. The most frequently described comorbidities include anxiety, mood disorders [1], sleep disorder [2] and attention hyperactive disorder [3].

The association between headache and comorbidities has been interpreted in the light of different possible causal pathways. Psychiatric comorbidity may represent the consequence of a link between neurotransmitter systems involved in migraine and psychiatric disorder, such as depression and anxiety [4]. A central role is thought to be played by serotonergic receptors, adrenergic and dopaminergic D2 receptor genotype, that seem to be associated with migraine, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks and phobia [5].

It has been suggested that the patient’s vulnerability to anxiety disorders and affective disorders as well as migraine might be attributed to the dysregulation of the serotonergic system [6]. Furthermore, it is possible that each disorder increases the risk of the other [4;7]. Therefore, the relevance of other mediating factors for the co-occurrence of headache and psychiatric comorbidity has to be taken into consideration.

Recent research found that an insecure attachment may be a risk factor for an outcome of poor adaptation that includes chronic pain [9] and that pain perception may change in relation with specific attachment styles. The ambivalent attachment seems to be the most common style among patients reporting high attack frequency and severe pain intensity and in children with this attachment style there is a relationship between high attack frequency and high anxiety levels [10].

Anxiety, depression and behavioral problems among adolescents with recurrent headache: the Young-HUNT study. The relationship between sleep and headache in children: implications for treatment. Headache and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children: common condition with complex relation and disabling consequences. Epilepsy Behav. Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. Mol Med. Association of 5-HTT gene polymorphisms with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

J Neurol Sci ; : Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain ; Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. Twin Res. Pain and emotion: a biopsychological review of recent research. J Clin Psychol ; 67 9 : Attachment styles in children affected by migraine without aura. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Behavioural problems in children with headache and maternal stress: is children’s attachment security a protective factor? Dev ; DOI: The role of attachment insecurity in the emergence of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with migraine: an empirical study.

J Headache Pain In Press. Metabolic syndrome and overweight are highly prevalent among migraineurs and the weight-loss was suggested as a useful strategy to improve both migraine and metabolic syndrome. Recently, we have observed that a particular version of VLCD characterized by very low-carbohydrate intake and Ketone bodies KBs production, named very low-calorie ketogenic diet VLCKD , was able to induce a rapid improvement of headache in migraineurs. To assess if the favorable outcome on migraine was due to the caloric restriction, instead of KBs, we performed a double blind crossover study to compare headache modifications during a VLCD and a VLCKD in a population of overweighed and obese migraineurs.

Among patients referred to the Sapienza University Obesity Clinic, a neurologist specializing in headache recruited 35 migraineurs.

To verify variations in headache frequency, we used as baseline the month before the first VLCD and the first transition diet. Headaches are one of the most disabling disorders [1]. Moreover, recent knowledge have suggested that physical examination for provocative procedures should be done on each patient with side- locked headaches as many of these headaches may closely mimic primary headaches [4].

There have been identified eleven physical tests to properly assess cervical disorders. When these dysfunctions are present, they support a reciprocal interaction between the trigeminal and the cervical systems as a trait symptom in migraine [6, 7].

In this presentation, an evidence based physical protocol of specific tests it will be provided by a physiotherapist to assess musculoskeletal disorders in the most common primary headaches as Migraine and Tension Type Headache. Moreover, the integration of this examination in a multidisciplinary team it will be discussed. Stovner LJ. Migraine prophylaxis with drugs influencing the renin- angiotensin system.

Eur J Neurol. Prevalence of neck pain in migraine and tension-type headache: a population study. Temporomandibular disorders is more prevalent among patients with primary headaches in a tertiary outpatient clinic. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. Prakash S, Rathore C. Side-locked headache: an algorithm based approach. The Journal of Headache and Pain ; doi International consensus on the most useful physical examination tests used by physiotherapists for patients with headache: A Delphi study.

Man Ther. Musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine patients. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition beta version Jul;33 9 Headache represents the most common neurological symptom in pediatric age. Among the primary headaches, migraine is far more prevalent than tension-type headache and cluster headache. Though extremely rare at this age, also trigeminal autonomic cephalgias have been reported. The most frequent causes of pediatric secondary headaches are represented by respiratory tract infections, while potentially life-threatening diseases, such as brain tumors, are less common.

However, especially in the emergency setting, the possibility that a headache attack is due to a brain tumor must be always considered. To avoid missing these cases, some headache characteristics red flags have been identified [1]. However, while the most recent ICHD criteria improved the possibility to classify some patients, such as children with migraine with aura [2], they turned out to be unsuitable for others, such as young patients with primary headache.

Several studies have shown the primary role played by psychological factors in determining the severity of migraine in children [4]. Therefore, a psychological examination is often mandatory, as part of the initial assessment of the patient.

Lastly, when assessing a child with primary headache, possible comorbidities should be never forgotten, since addressing them can represent a crucial point for the treatment [5]. Headache as an emergency in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep ; Cephalalgia, submitted. Diagnosis of primary headache in children younger than 6 years: A clinical challenge.

Cephalalgia ; Chronic Migraine in Children and Adolescents. Headache and comorbidities in childhood and adolescence. Springer, Whether medication-overuse headache MOH represents a distinct biological entity within the concept of chronic daily headache with specific neurobiological and genetic background is still a matter of debate.

A great deal of interest has been directed at understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie MOH pathogenesis. Currently, two main, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed. The first, stems from the apparent compulsive use of headache medications by MOH patients, and considers this disorder a sort of addiction to symptomatic remedies.

The second shifts the focus from drug addiction to neural sensitization, claiming that triptan overuse triggers adaptations of the trigeminovascular system, thereby facilitating pain transmission and leading to a state of latent sensitization.

Answering these questions might be relevant to better understand the neurochemical mechanisms prompted by acute headache medications that underlie the pathophysiology of MOH and of chronic headache in general.

In this presentation, preclinical data will be presented showing that chronic exposure to eletriptan or indomethacin alter trigeminal ganglion gene expression patterns broadly and to a similar extend. Remarkably, qualitative transcriptomic analysis reveals that prolonged exposure to the two different symptomatic drugs triggers almost identical, increased expression of various genes coding for proteins involved in headache pathogenesis such as neuropeptides, their cognate receptors, TRP channels, prostanoid and NO synthesizing enzymes.

These findings will be correlated with the clinical aspects of MOH. The dramatic caloric restriction promotes the fat metabolism, mimicking the starvation, even if meals replacements ad hoc developed accounts for essential nutrients, avoiding the malnutrition. Because of the extreme caloric restriction, this type of diet is very effective in weight loss, however, that characteristic also is the main limit of VLCD, since it is possible to follow this kind of dietetic regimen for a very limited period usually weeks.

Salads are allowed ad libitum dressed with a spoonful of olive oil. Also in this kind of diet, there are meals per day, mainly consisting in meal replacement products. There is a growing interest in the ketogenic form of the VLCD because several studies have shown a higher compliance of patients with this diet. The reason of this higher adherence to the diet is still under scrutiny but several reasons are called in cause: an appetite suppression induced by proteins and maybe by ketone bodies KBs , or a modification in hormone secretion insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, adipokines.

The real impact of ketogenic diets in weight loss is still disputed; in fact, on the long period there are not differences between low-carb and low-fat diets in terms of weight reduction and regain of lost weight after the diet. However, thanks to the higher compliance and the drastic caloric restriction, the VLCKDs seem to be a promising approach in the early management of obesity and in the preparation phase for patients that must undergo to bariatric or other types of surgical procedures.

Temporomandibular disorders TMD represent the main cause of orofacial pain of non-dental origin and comprehend several disturbances of the masticatory system characterized by myofascial pain of masticatory muscles or articular pain localized in the pre-auricular area.

Moreover, TMD patients show temporomandibular joint sounds and deviation or limitation of the opening of the mouth. Myofascial pain is a probable consequence of central nervous system mechanisms of convergence and activation of second order neurons with enlargement of the receptive field, reduced pain threshold and allodinia. Often there are accompanying symptoms like facial pain and headaches.

Headache is the most prevalent neurologic disorder, third most diffused health disturbance and the seventh cause of disability in the world. It can be primary, without apparent organic cause, or secondary to other pathologies.

Some epidemiological studies indicates that headache is more prevalent in TMD patients and TMD is more prevalent in subjects affected by headache. A stronger association exists between TMD and chronic migraine in comparison with other types of headache. Nevertheless the methodological quality of the available studies is not optimal and many of them classify patients with anamnestic questionnaire that tend to overestimate the values of prevalence.

A growing body of literature suggests that the association between headache and TMD may be a manifestation of a central sensitization mechanism. Temporomandibular joint and muscles receive the sensitive innervation of the trigeminal nerve that supply also the cranial vascular structures likely involved in the etiology of the headache.

The sensitization of the trigeminal caudate nucleus by the TMD symptoms can favor the triggering of migraine episode. Beside the epidemiological studies and the neurophysiologic hypothesis, there are some initial clinical evidence that show how severity of TMD symptoms parallels an increase of frequency and intensity of migraine and the simultaneous treatment of both conditions results in better outcomes. From a clinical perspective, a comprehensive assessment based on a biopsychosocial approach can provide relevant information to plan a contemporaneous treatment of TMD and headache, together with an intervention targeted to the reduction of psychosocial conditions that can elicit and maintain mechanisms of central sensitization likely responsible of the comorbidity of TMD and headache.

The exact pathophysiology is still unknown, but evidence supporting both peripheral and central mechanisms i. In fact, the frequency of headache attacks has found to be related to the level of central sensitization [4]. However, not all TTH patients present with the same level of central sensitization and clinical presentation, but subgroups need to be identified in order to offer specific therapeutic programs [5]. Prolonged peripheral nociceptive input from the pericranial, neck, and shoulder regions e.

This was a familiar tactic followed by his contemporaries. During Elias went to the island of Zakynthos to continue his teaching and preaching role in the Ionian islands. They had heard of his fame and abilities and wanted him to extend his teaching by oftering his services on their island.

TjC; Athens, , p. Some believe that he stayed in Zakynthos for seven years, while some others believe that his stay on the island was not more than four years. Corfu or, Kerkyra is the third Ionian island where Elias Meniates extended his teaching and preaching services. Some sources maintain that the nephews were two. J76 See, K. MNr ‘. BpetoC; fIanuoo1touA.

OC;, p. Both, Molino and t. The existing data shows that Meniates was preparing for his return to Venice long before his actual departure date. The June 30th elections, however. M See, A. Some sources maintain that he was not appointed parish priest of the Saint George Church, in Venice.

He did not stay in Venice and Flageneanon for long. During May , only nine months after his appointment as teacher at the Institute he submitted his resignation to the Board. He had been requested to accornpany the newly appointed Venetian ambassador to Constantinople, Lorenzo Sorantzo, to his new post On June 1st the Board of Flageneanon accepted his resignation with thirty votes in favor and thirteen against.

During , the Prince of 2u6 Moldavia Demetrios Kademir. J , p. Constantinople, where he continued his duties at the office of Lorenzo Sorantzo? Elias stayed in Constantinople, preaching, teaching and advising for a total period of seven years. At the end of Sorantzo ‘ s term as Venetian ambassador to Constantinople, Elias returned to the Ionian islands with Carola Rutzini, the successor of Lorenzo Sorantzo.

Some of his biographers believe that his return to Cephalonia was due to. A Mar Athens, , pp. Ell; ro; EKaAA.

OI crXoA. L narpIVf. TaruKI]’;’ p. Chronology of the present study. However, Elias always returned to Cephalonia. Both these reasons could have been paI1 of his decision to abandon such a prestigious position in Constantinople. From Cephalonia Elias traveled to Corfu again, where he continued preaching and teaching. He was so famous however, that, almost immediately, new missions began to appear. He was humble and See, B.

T ‘ a’taKlli;;. Especially during his term as preacher of Nauplion and Argos, Elias was attracting large crowds to attend his public speeches Further, it was there that Elias delivered most of his Italian speeches, since many Italians would regularly gather to hear his sermons and speeches in Nauplioll. Th e C omlmttee. There were those who did not want him as their See, ibid.. See, A. See, 1. The format of this chapter will not reneet the exact aforementioned order.

Rather, we will try to maintain a correct chronological order in our presentation, without isolating the facts and events from their general context. Such segmentation could lead to potential misinformation of the reader Elias Meniates was born into a family of educated and faithful people The v.

Fragescos had experienced the academic life and intensity of Flageneanon. Further, this background offered v. Fragescos the ability to meet and socialize with the political and religious hierarchy of the times, especially in Venice and Cephalonia This is obvious from the direct involvement of, both, the Venetian authorities and the Metropolitan of Philadelphia, in Elias’ Here.

Wide: Elias Meniates spend the wtality of his life. Narrow: He was in a position to influence important people of the time. Elias was respected by many political and religious leaders of both the East and the West. These social networks ofTered Elias a f undation upon which he was able to build his diplomatic career in the areas that he resided throughout his life. Elias was also a multilingual individual, a prerequisite for a diplomat even today.

Finally, there are specific references about studies he made in Diplomacy and Political Science. IllS l. He was a See, K.

See, B. He had an ‘above average ‘. Intellect and a compassIOnate. He smiled trequently and was generally pleasant, Despite his obvious academic level, he was humble throughout his life His pleasant personality and humble character made him popular at most social levels.

Finally, Elias’ public speaking abilities played an important role in his diplomatic career. His ability to handle both, Hellenic and Italian, with confidence and ease is something that we can discern in his “:3tEiaxai. He maintains the interest of his audience – a. He also focused on the use of simple language, easy to understand by the majority of his audience The importance and role of Elias Meniates in the diplomatic arena began to take shape early in his life. As we discussed in the previous chapter, Elias was first appointed teacher at the Flageneanon Institute in Venice at the age of twenty The Venetians were aware of Elias’ academic achievements and social background, They wanted someone like him in administrative positions.

M “‘ w,apUKlj:;, p, I ,. The vocabulary. MaC,;ap 1. Venice was attracting the academically inclined and the Venetian authorities could select their future allies and aides from there. Elias’ diplomatic career began from his teaching position at this Institute. The Venetians, however, were not going to limit his usefulness and expertise only to teaching.

Rather, they also suppol1ed and approved of his appointment as a preacher of the Saint George of the Hellenes in Venice ,, ,X This was a strategic appointment.

Elias became the most important ecclesiastical rhetorician of his time and the post-Byzantine era in general. So important was his role in the dlplomatic arena that he also helped in the achievement of some degree of protection oCthe Venetian State for the unoccupied areas of Hellas, at least in religious matters The Venetians did not even mind the sharing in one another’s worship between the Hellenes and the Latllls. He preached the Orthodox life and tradition to his Roman Catholic audience as well.

His personal position on issues of East and West relations and faith would surface later. Mru,” was published by his father. We mentioned in previous chapters of this study that the Venetians also had their own agenda.

Meniates managed to overcome this potential danger for Hellas. Because of his excellent relations with many Venetian Generals in the Ionian islands. General Molino employed Elias as a private tutor for his nephews. As abbot of the Petassona monastery Elias did not have to travel frequently.

I ad’ as hi s ‘speCia ,1Xl Vlsor-. In this important diplomatic arena Elias met other ambassadors and political leaders located in Constantinople. Furthermore, Elias met local nobles, the members of the Patriarchate and various members of the hierarchy of the Orthodox Church.

Sorantzo accepted this request and sent Elias to Vienna during the year But inspite of his success and achievements there, Meniates decided to return to Cephalonia. Hence, during Elias returned to See. Chronology of tlle present study 2d8.

I’b’d 1 ” p. But his fame and diplomatic abilities could not be ignored for long. But it is known that the more Elias rejected the invitation to reside in Peloponessus, the more the Venetian leaders pressured him to accept. He was valuable to them, as much as he was valuable to the OI1!

M “‘ asaralC11’;, p. He gained the support ,Uld protection of the Venetian State. Further, his knowledge of the Italian language rendered him important for the local Italian residents ofNauplion and Argos: “H xapt. EtC; ‘to f.! One of the Italian speeches that are preserved until today is in honor of General Frangesco Grimani on the occasion of his departure from Peloponessus, after the end of his career there. His appointment, however, was again an act of the Venetian authorities.

Marco Loredano, the successor of Frangesco Grimani, befriended Meniates in Peloponessus, and is responsible for Elias’ appointment as bishop of Kerneke and Kalavryta.

It can be concluded that there was cooperation and understanding between the two men. Elias delivered a speech in honor of General Marco Loredano, while he was stiJI in various religious and politi raJ leaders. The Ecwnenical Patriarch had honored l1im. He was a capable preacher and a devoted teacher. He led the faithful skillfully, but he also knew the weaknesses of the Nation at those times. His diplomatic flexibility and his solid faith were his two main characteristics.

Venice also lost a great ally. His intentions have been questioned by some who wonder how this ‘strict critic of the Roman Catholic Church maintained such great relations with the Venetian leaders of the time. The visitor will find there Elias Meniates’ statue, a sign of honor and gratitude. His diplomatic efforts will be remembered as some of tile few ‘bright moments’ of Hellas, during those hard times. His mission was short, but successful, and the author hopes that Bishop Elias Meniates will be remembered as such.

It is, however, influential and rhetorically unique. Secondly, we will mention the involvement of his father in the publication of Elias’ works. Thirdly, a brief description of all available published works of Elias Meniates and the various known publications of these works will follow.

Finally, we will be referring throughout this chapter to Elias’ legacy and critique. Similarly to previous chapters. Elias Meniates did not publish any of his own works during his life. We only know of one exception that we will discuss later in this chapter. Some of the scholars believe that Meniates did not publish many works. We discussed in the previous chapters that Elias preached and delivered public speeches frequently, everywhere he lived.

Such an intense career could have naturally limited his ability to evo Ive. He wanted progress and academic enrichment for his fellow Hellenic citizens. His preaching and diplomatic responsibilities occupied the majority of his life. He had, as we will discuss later in this chapter, outlines and diagrams of his works, but he had not prepared them for publishing We know that he was planning to publish extensive works on the complete “KVpW.

The only known work of Elias Meniates that was published during his life is his prologue to Gerassimos Kakavellas’ historical account of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Dionysios IV Komnenos. Fragescos published Elias’ collected sermons and public speeches. This was a difficult task, since he was collecting and working with complicated diagrams and outlines that Elias had used for his public speaking and preaching.

These incomplete, collected works were processed by Fragescos Meniates and were then offered for publication. L11wapm; Athens. TO 6tKaA. ApYtlponouAoc;, p. Salaville maintains that the first publication of the t. Tltis has been corrected since then. TIle title 0COI. It is nothing other than the selective reprinting of Elias Meniales’ publicalion of tlle!. B7 were produced in Thessaloniki, Hellas? TamKTj’;;, p. Tls, p. Since we do not find any bibliographical infonnation of Elias Meniates’ works dating after AaOW;, Athens, Athens, 1 52 , p.

The Romani’ill publication was produced during LeGrand had previously maintained tlmt the Romanian translation Imd been produced during He stands corrected here by S.

Saiaville and x. Ta’tuKllC;, p. Some do not agree that this edition of v. He initiated this correspondence to gain the support of the Patriarchate for his new publication. Specifically, Ma’apaKl’lC; requested permission by the Ecumenical Patriarch to publish a new edition of the “dlcSa:x;ai” with various corrections, previously ignored.

In his letter of September 8th he explained the corrections that he deemed necessary to make in the prey ious – J – text of the “dIBa:x;ai.. Specifically, the issue that troubled v. Original texts should not be altered.

This affects the originality and accuracy of such texts. Punctuation is scarce and sentences continue for several lines. They reveal the rhetorical strength of Bishop Meniates. J,z’; also see. AaliOt;, Athens, BouuepioTJC;, p. He was nineteen years of age, and still a student at Flageneanon This sermon is the oldest sermon of Elias Meniates that we have today.

It has also been the focus of serious criticism against Meniates. Such similarities, however, can not be readily distinguished as plagiarism. Scoufos has been an influential rhetorician, one that Elias most likely studied and admired while he was a student at FJageneanon.

TImplvEJ-llC;, p. Xai Kal AoyOl, pp. AaOOl;, Athens, , p. IOC;; he lived between and see, H. Boumpiollc;, p. He waH also a famous ecclesiastical rllelorician who lived in Venice. Tu’ttlKTjc;, p. Scoufos was never Elias’ Teacher at t1le Flageneanon see, B. Tatu1CJ1l; p. Important and influential rhetoricians emerged frequently during the era of the TOvpKoKparia.. They learned from each other, and ‘build on each other’s strengths.

We know that he preached continuously, but the available bibliography does not offer any data regarding sermons from that period of his life, We do know, however, of a sermon he delivered during his stay in Constantinople. We have it today under the title, On how we should honor feast days.

J ,J Another sermon that Elias delivered in the church of Saint Nikolas in Lexourion on December 6 th has been also preserved until today. There is available information showing that this sermon was delivered with a specific intent, namely to bring harmony among two relatives residing in Lexourion, who were ready to fight among themselves until death. Tradition has it that See, B. Aa5m;, Athens, Ma4apalGlc;, p. Elias’ sefmons and speeches were directed toward the hcm1s of his audience.

He is remembered today as a mirac1e- worker, as well. He delivered his speech On Faith 36 during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus. The other Italian speech preserved in the” tuouxui” has the title On Loving the Enemies. He also delivered this speech during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus.

It was delivered on the occasion of :Molino’s departure from Cephalonia, during It is obvious to the reader that this speech had a diplomatic purpose, since it had several praising elements and rhetorical exaggerations referring to General Molino’s character and virtue. Grimani was also a Venetian General based in Peloponessus. MT]Vtu’tllc;, EA. Mal;apulcrlC;, pp. This speech is very similar to the previous two, full of rhetorical exaggerations and an underlying diplomatic agenda?

He believes that Christian virtue can only be based on the assimilation of our lives with the Orthodox Faith. It is this belief that makes him a strict judge of any form of evil. He also continuously criticizes the injustice of the Ottoman Empire toward Hellas. He believes that words can not lead man to salvation without positive action.. This was one of the methods that helped Meniates address his See, B. Tu’tlixTlc;, pp.

Tm:lixTlc;, p. Mll J’tpOO11l-! As we have discussed in earlier chapters, this was one of his diplomatic. State’ During , the v rev. The publication of the “TIe-rpa! The publication included a German translation. The publication of included a Latin translation, and was produced in Bratislava.

Qll” Meniates discusses the prerequisites for a possible healing of the Schism. He explains that modernity should not affect the originality and tradition of the Faith He also explains that both sides should study the Church of the first centuries, prior to the Schism 3’r’ Further.

This lettef was signed by. L exounon. I nstttute During the year Elias, accompanied by his father, went to Venice, Italy, where he was placed under the care of, the also Cephalonian, l’vleletios Typaldos.

Mosl available sources are rather vague, ifnot confusing. I tried 10 maintain both, an accurate and a logical order of cycnts li’om the various sources that I had available during the composition of this thesis-project. Village on the Hellenic Island of Cephalonia. Many Hellenic families that could afford educating Oleir children would have to sent them to the various metroplitan areas of thc Venetian Stale, where Ole best academic institutions were located.

Thus, since Elias first heard onus acceptance at the Institute in March of He was twelve years old when he was accepted, and he must have graduated a year later than his classmates.

Salaville, p, E’. For six years il:; preached and taught the Gospel and other curricular courses to the youth of Cephalonia, Zakynthos, and Corfu. J2’i It was during these years that Meniates composed and delivered most of his catechetical homiles that we have today in. Most sources agree that Elias remained as a teacher at the Flageneanon Institute for about three years in total.

This sennon was delivered by Elias Meniates on the occasion of the feast day of Saint Nikolas. Molino invited Elias to COlill for the private education of his nephews. May Elias Meniates submitted his resignation at the Board of the Ilagcneanon Institute, nine months after his second tenn as Teacher there. He was to depart Venice with the Venetian ambassadorto Constantinople, Lorenzo Sorantzo, and follow him to Consta:1tinople, as his’ special advisor.

SalaviHe, p. Lorenzo Sorantzo. He completed his assignment. MtrnslO’;, Athens. I SO Ibid. Salaville, p, 0,’: Gk.. What he knows is the fountain or the cofTee-house near which he lives, and the quarter in which both are situ- ated, named perhaps Coral, or Thick Beard, or Eats No Meati or Sees Not Day; and it remains for you to find that quarter and that fountain.

Nevertheless, if you belong to the race of men that is amused by such things, that is curious about the ways and thoughts of other men and feels under no responsibility to change them, that can see happy arrangements of light and shade, of form and colour, without having them pointed out and in very common materials, that is not repelled by things which look old and out of order, that is even attracted by things which do look so and therefore have a mellowness of tone and a richness of association if — you belong to this race of men you will Hke Stamboul, and the chances are that you will like it very much.

You must not make the other mistake, however, of expecting too much in the way of colour. Constanti- nople lies, it is true, in the same latitude as Naples; but the steppes of Russia are separated from it only by the not too boundless steppes of the Black Sea. The colour of Constantinople is a compromise, therefore, and not always a successful one, between north and south. While the sun shines for half the year, and summer rain is an exception, there is something hard and un- suffused about the light.

Only on certain days of south wind are you reminded of the Mediterranean, and more rarely still of the autumn Adriatic. As for the town itself, it is no white southern city, being in tone one of the soberest. I could never bring myself, as some writers do, to speak of silvery domes.

It is only the lesser min- arets that are white; and here and there on some lifted pinnacle a small half-moon makes a flash of gold. While the high lights of Stamboul, then, are grey, this stone Stamboul is small in proportion to the darker Stamboul that fills the wide interstices between the mosques a — Stamboul of weathered wood that is just the colour of an etching.

It has always seemed to me, indeed, that Stamboul, above all other cities I know, waits to be etched. Those fine lines of dome and minaret are for copper rather than canvas, while those crowded houses need the acid to bring out the richness of their shadows. Stamboul has waited a long time. Besides Frank Brangwyn and E. Roth, I know of no etcher who has tried his needle there. And neither of those two has done what I could imagine Whistler doing — a Long Stamboul as seen from the opposite shore of the Golden Horn.

When the archaeologists tefl you that Constan- tinople, like Rome, is built on seven hills, don’t believe them. They are merely riding a hobby-horse so an- cient that I, for one, am ashamed to mount it.

Con- stantinople, or that part of which is now Stamboul, it lies on two hills, of which the more important is a long ridge dominating the Golden Horn. Its crest is not always at the same level, to be sure, and its slopes are naturally broken by ravines. If Rome, however, had been built on fourteen hills it would have been just as easy to find the same number in Constantinople.

That steep promontory advancing between sea and sea to- ward a steeper Asia must always have been something to look at. But I find it hard to believe that the city of Constantine and Justinian can have marked so noble an outline against the sky as the city of the sultans.

Of the many voyagers who have celebrated the pan- orama of Constantinople, not a few have recorded their disappointment on coming to closer acquaintance. De gusdbus I have small respect, however, for the taste of those who find that the mosques will not bear inspection. I shall presently have something more par- ticular to say in that matter. But since I am now speak- ing of the general aspects of Stamboul I can hardly pass over the part played by the mosques and their depen- dencies.

Almost every mosque is enclosed by a wall, sometimes of smooth ashler with a pointed coping, sometimes of plastered cobblestones tiled at the top, often with snapdragon and camomile daisies. For he knew, the crafty man, that a grille or a lattice is always pleasant to look through, and that it somehow lends interest to the barest prospect. There hardly a street of Stamboul in which some is such window does not give a glimpse into the peace and gravity of the East.

The windows do not all look into mosque yards. Many more look into a patch of ground where tall turbaned and lichened stones lean among cypresses or where a more or less stately mausoleum, a tilrbeh, lifts its dome. Life and death seem never very far apart in Constantinople. In other cities the fact that hfe has an end is put out of sight as much as pos- sible. Here it is not only acknowledged but taken ad- vantage of for decorative purposes. Even Divan Yolou, the Street of the Council, which is the principal avenue of Stamboul, owes much of its character to the tombs and patches of cemetery that border it.

Several sultans and grand viziers and any number of more obscure per- sons lie there neighbourly to the street, from which he who strolls, if not he who runs, may read — if Arabic letters be familiar to him — half the history of the empire. Of the houses of the living I have already hinted that they are less permanent in appearance. Until very re- cently they were all built of wood, and they all burned down ever so often.

Consequently Stamboul has begun to rebuild herself in brickand concrete. I shall not com- plain of it, admit that it is not well for Stamboul to for I continue burning down. I also admit that Stamboul must modernise some of her habits. It is a matter of the greatest urgency if Stamboul wishes to continue to exist. Yet I am sorry to have the old wooden house of Stamboul disappear. It is not merely that I am a fa- natic in things of other times.

That house is, at its best, so expressive a piece of architecture, it is so simple and so dignified inits hues, it contains so much wisdom for the modern decorator, that I am sorry for it to disappear and leave no report of itself. They are descended, I suppose, from the old Byzantine houses. The windows in general make up a great part of the character of the house, so big and so numerous are they. They are all latticed, unless Chris- tians happen to live in the house; but above the lattices is sometimes a second tier of windows, for light, whose small round or oval panes are decoratively set in broad white mullions of plaster.

For the most original part of its effect, however, the house counts on its upper storey, which juts out over the street on stout timbers curved like thebow of a ship. Sometimes these corbels balance each other right and left of the centre of the house, which may be rounded on the principle of a New York “swell front,” only more gracefully, and occasionally a third storey leans out beyond the second.

This arrangement gives more space to the upper floors than the ground it- self affords and also assures a better view. If it inci- dentally narrows and darkens the street, think the I passer-by can only be grateful for the fine line of the curving brackets and for the summer shade. He is further protected from the sunby the broad eaves of the house, supported, perhaps, by little brackets of their own. Under them was stencilled of old an Arabic in- vocation, which more rarely decorated a blue-and-white tile and which nowadays is generally printed on paper and framed hke a picture — “O Protector,” “O Con- queror,” “O Proprietor of Property.

The rooms opening out on either hand contain almost no furniture. Of real wood- carving there is practically none, though the doors are panelled in great variety and the principle of the lattice is much usjed.

There may also be a fireplace, not set A house at Aya Kapou offby a mantel, but by a tall pointed hood. And if there isa second tier of windows they may contain stained glass or some interesting scheme of mullioning. But do not look for chairs, tables, draperies, pictures, or any of the thousand gimcracks of the West that only fill a room without beautifying it.

A long low divan runs under the windows, the whole length of the wall, or perhaps of two, furnished with rugs and embroidered cushions. Of wall space there is mercifully very little, windows for the crowd so closely together that there is no room to put anything between them, and the view is consciously made the chief ornament of the room.

Still, on the inner walls The house of the pipe may hang a text or two, written by or copied from some great calligraphist. The art of forming beautiful letters has been carried to great perfection by the Turks, who do not admit — or who until recently did not admit — any representation of living forms.

Inscriptions, there- fore, take with them the place of pictures, and they col- lect the work of famous calHgraphs as Westerners collect other works of art. There are various systems of form- ing them, and there is no limit to the number of ways in which they may be grouped.

By adding to an inscrip- tion its reverse, it is possible to make a symmetrical figure which sometimes resembles a mosque, or the letters may be fancifully made to suggest a bird or a ship. Texts from the Koran, invocations of the Almighty, the names of the caliphs and of the companions of the Prophet, and verses of Persian poetry are all favourite subjects for the calligrapher. I have also seen what might very hterally be called a word-picture of the Prophet.

However, I did not start out to describe the interior of Stamboul, of which I know as Kttle as any man. That, indeed, is one element of the charm of Stamboul — the sense of reserve, of impenetrability, that pervades its Turkish quarters. The lattices of the windows, the veils of the women, the high garden walls, the gravity and per- fect quiet of the streets at night, all contribute to that sense.

From the noisy European quarter on the opposite bank of the Golden Horn, where life is a thing of shreds and patches, without coherent associations and without roots, one looks over to Stamboul and gets the sense of another, an unknown hfe, reaching out secret filaments to the uttermost parts of the earth. Strange faces, strange costumes, strange dialects come and go, on errands not necessarily too mysterious, yet mysterious enough for one who knows nothing of the literature of the East, its habits, its real thought and hope and beUef.

This is also a Stamboul which has never been, which never can be, sufficiently celebrated. The Bazaars, to be sure, figure in all the books of travel, and are visited by every one; but they are rather sighed over nowadays, as having lost a former glory. I do not sigh over them, myself. I consider that by its very arrange- ment the Grand Bazaar possesses an interest which can never disappear.

It is a sort of vast department store, on one floor though not on one level, whose cobbled aisles wander up hill and down dale, and are vaulted soHdIy over with stone. And in old times, before the shops or costumes of Pera were, and when the beau monde came here to buy, a wonderful department store it must have been. In our economic days there may be less splendour, but there can hardly be less fife; and if Manchester prints now largely take the place of Broussa silk and Scutari velvet, they have just as much colour for the modern impressionist.

They also contribute to the essen- tial colour of Constantinople, which is neither Asiatic nor European, but a mingfing of both. A last fragment of old Stamboul is walled in the heart of this maze, a square enclosure of deeper twifight which is called the Bezesten. Be that as it may, they still dress in robe and turban, and they keep shorter hours than their brethren of the outer bazaar.

They sit at the receipt of custom, not in shops but on continuous platforms, grave old men to whom it is apparently one whether you come or go, each before his own shelf and cupboard inlaid with mother-of-pearl; and they deal only in old things. I do not call them antiques, though such things may still be picked up — for their price — in the Bezesten and out of it, and though the word is often on the lips of the old men.

I will say for them, however, that on their lips it merely means something exceptional of its kind. They could recommend you an egg or a spring Iamb no more highly than by call- ing it antika. At any rate, the Bezesten is almost a little too good to be true. It might have been arranged by some Gerome who studied the exact effect of dusty shafts of light striking down from high windows on the most picturesque confusion of old things — stuffs, arms, rugs, brasses, porcelain, jewelry, odds and ends of silver, bric-a-brac.

In that romantic twilight an antique made in Germany becomes precious, and the most abominable modern rug takes on the tone of time. The real rug market of Constantinople is not in the Bazaars nor yet in the bans of Mahmoud Pasha, but in the Stamboul custom-house. There the bales that come down from Persia and the Caucasus, as well as from Asia Minor and even from India and China, are opened and stored in great piles of colour, and there the wholesale dealers of Europe and America do most of their buying.

The rugs are sold by the square metre in the bale, so that you may buy a hundred pieces in order to get one or two you particularly want. Bargaining is no less long and fierce than in the smaller affairs of the Bazaars, though both sides know better what they are up to. Perhaps it is for this reason that the sale is often made by a third party. The referee, having first obtained the consent of the principals to abide by his decision — “Have you content?

Or else he takes a hand of each between both of his own and names the price as he shakes the hands up and down, the others crying out: “Aman! Do not scorch me! As communications become easier the buyers go more and more to the headquarters of rug-making, so that Constantinople will not remain indefinitely what it is now, the greatest rug market in the world.

But it will long be the chief assembhng and distributing point for this ancient trade. There are two other covered markets, both in the vicinity of the Bridge, which I recommend to all hunters after local colour. The more important, from an archi- tectural point of view, is called Missir Charshi, Corn or Egyptian Market, though Europeans know it as the Spice Bazaar. It consists of two vaulted stone streets that cross each other at right angles. It was so badly damaged in the earthquake of that many of its original tenants moved away, giving place to stuffy quilt and upholstery men.

Enough of the former are left, however, to make a museum of strange powders and electuaries, and to fill the air with the aroma of the East. It is sure to burn up or to be torn down one of these days, because it is a section of the long street —almost the only level one in the city that — skirts the Golden Horn. I hope it will not disappear, however, before some etcher has caught the duskiness of its branching curve, with squares of sky irregularly spaced among the wooden rafters, and corresponding squares of light on the cobblestones below, and a dark side corridor or two running down to a bright perspec- tive of water and ships.

All sorts of nuts and dried fruits are sold there, in odd company with candles and the white ribbons and artificial flowers without which no Greek or Armenian can be properly married. This whole quarter is one of niarkets, and some of them were old in Byzantine times. The fish market, one of the richest in the world, is here. The vegetable market is here, too, at the head of the outer bridge, where it can be fed by the boats of the Marmora.

And all night long horse bells jingle through the city, bring- ing produce which is sold in the pubHc square in the small hours of the morning. Provisions of other kinds, some of them strange to behold and stranger to smell, are to be had in the same region.

In the purlieus of Yeni Jami, too, may be admired at its season a kind of market which is a specialty of Constantinople. The better part of it is installed in the mosque yard, where cloth and girdles and shoes and other commodities meet for the raiment of man and woman are sold under awn- ings or big canvas umbrellas.

The particularity of this Monday market is that it is gone on Tuesday, being held in a different place on every day of the week. Then this is a district of bans, which harbour a commerce of their own. Some of these are hotels, where comers from afar camp out in tiers of stone galleries about an open court.

Others are places of business or of stor- age, and, as the latter, are more properly known by the name kapan. The old Fontego or Fondaco dei Turchi in Venice, and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, are built on the same plan and originally served the same purpose. The Itahan word fondaco comes from the Arabic Jindik, which in turn was derived from the vavSoxelov of Con- stantinople. But whether any of these old stone build- ings might trace a Byzantine or Venetian ancestry I cannot say.

The habit of Stamboul to burn up once in so often made them very necessary, and in spite of the changes that have taken place in business methods they are still largely used. And all about them are the headquarters of crafts — wood-turning, basket-mak- ing, amber-cutting, brass-beating — in alleys which are highly profitable to explore.

It was never planted for the profit of its fruit. Vines allowed to grow as those vines grow cannot bear very heavily, and they are too accessible for their grapes to be guarded. They were planted, hke the traghetto vines in Venice, because they give shade and because they are good to look upon. Fortunately there are special conveniences for this, in places where there are vines and places where there are not. Such are the places that the arriving traveller sees from his train, where meditative citizens sit cross- legged of a morning over coffee and tobacco.

The trav- eller continues to see them wherever he goes, and never without a meditative citizen or two. The coffee-houses indeed are an essential part of Stamboul, and in them the outsider comes nearest, perhaps, to intimacy with that reticent city. The number of these institutions in Con- stantinople is quite fabulous. They have the happiest tact for locality, seeking movement, strategic corners, open prospects, the company of water and trees.

No quarter is so miserable or so remote as to be without one. Certain thoroughfares carry on almost no other form of business. A sketch of a coflFee-shop may often be seen in the street, in a scrap of sun or shade, accord- ing to the season, where a stool or two invite the passer- by to a moment of contemplation. And no ban or public building is without its facilities for dispensing the indispensable.

I know not whether the fact may contribute any- thing to the psychology of prohibition, but it is surprising to learn how recent an invention coffee-houses are, as time goes in this part of the world, and what opposition they first encountered.

The first coffee-shop was opened in Stamboul by one Shemsi, a native of Aleppo. The beverage so quickly appreciated was as quickly lookedupon by the orthodox as insidious to the public morals — partly because it seemed to merit the prohibition of the Koran against intoxicants, partly because it brought the faithful together in places other than mosques.

Siile’iman the Magnificent, during whose reign the kahveji Shemsi made his little fortune, took no notice of the agitation against the new drink. But some of his successors pursued those who indulged with unheard- in it of severity. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies coflFee-drinkers were persecuted more rigorously in Constantinople than wine-bibbers have ever been in England or America. Their most unrelenting enemy was the bloody Mourad IV — himself a drunkard who for-— bade the use of coffee or tobacco under pain of death.

He and his nephew Mehmed IV after him used to patrol the city in disguise, d la Haroun al Rashid, in order to detect and punish for themselves any violation of the law. But the Greek taverns only became the more popular. And the latter sultan was the means of ex- tending the habit to Europe — which, for the rest, he no doubt considered its proper habitat.

To be sure, it was merely during his reign that the Enghsh made their first acquaintance of our after-dinner friend. It was brought back from Smyrna in by a Mr. Edwards, member of the Levant Company, whose house was so besieged by those curious to taste the strange concoction that he set up his Greek servant in the first coffee-house in London.

There, too, coffee was soon looked upon askance in high places. A personage no more strait-laced than Charles II caused a court to hand down the following decision: “The Retayhng of Coffee may be an innocente Trayde; but as used to nourysshe Sedition, spredde it is Lyes, and scandalyse Create Menne, it may also be a common Nuisaunce. And Vienna acquired the habit fourteen years later, when that capital was besieged by the same sultan. After the rout of the Turks by John Sobiesky, a vast quantity of the fragrant brown drug was found among the besiegers’ stores.

Its use was made known to the Viennese by a Pole who had been interpreter to a company of Austrian merchants in Constantinople. For his bravery in carrying messages through the Turkish lines he was given the right to establish the first coffee- house in Vienna. Thehistory of tobacco in Turkey was very much the same. It first appeared from the West in , during the reign of Ahmed I. Under Mourad IV a famous pamphlet was written against it by an unconscious fore- runner of modernity, who also advocated a mediaeval Postum made of bean pods.

Snuff became known in as an attempt to elude the repressive laws of Sultan Ibrahim. But the habit of smoking, like the taste for coffee, gained such headway that no one could stop it. Mahmoud I was the last sultan who attempted to do so, when he closed the coffee-houses for poHtical reasons in There is, it is true, a coffee habit, whose abuse is no less demorahsing than that of any other drug. But it is so rare, and Stamboul coffee-houses are so different from American or even most European cafes, that it is hard to imagine their causing so much commotion.

Nothing stronger than coffee is dispensed in them — unless I ex- cept the nargileh, the water-pipe, whose effect is wonder- fully soothing and innocent at first, though wonderfully deadly in the end to the novice. The tobacco used is not the ordinary weed but a much coarser and stronger one, called toumbeki. Smoking is the more germane to coffee- shops, because in the Turkish idiom yau drink tobacco.

And to desecrate it, or coffee either, with the ad- mixture of milk is an unheard-of sacrilege. But you may content yourself with so mild a refreshment as a bit of “Drinking” a nargileh rahat locoum, more familiar to you, perhaps, as Turkish Dehght, and a glass of water. The etiquette of the coffee-house, of those coffee- houses which have not been too much infected by Europe, isone of their most characteristic features.

I have also seen the entire company rise on the entrance of an old man, and yield him the corner of hon- our As for the essential function of the coffee-house, it Fez-presser in a coffee-house has own traditions. A glass of water comes with the its coffee,and a foreigner can usually be detected by the order in which he takes them. A Turk sips his water first. He lifts his coffee-cup, whether it possess a handle or no, by the managing the two in a dexterous saucer, way of his own.

And custom favours a rather noisy en- joyment of the cup that cheers, as expressing apprecia- tion and general well-being. The current price for a coffee, in the heart of Stamboul, is ten para — some- thing like a penny — for which the waiter will say: “May God give you blessing. I have often been surprised to be charged no more than the tariff, although I gave a larger piece to be changed, and it was perfectly evident that I was a foreigner.

That is an experience which rarely befalls a traveller even in his own land. It has further happened to me to be charged nothing at all, nay, to be steadfastly refused when I persisted in attempting to pay, simply because I was a traveller, and therefore a “guest. Being a passion less violent and less shameful than others, I suppose, it is indulged in with more of the humanities.

You do not bolt coffee as you bolt the fire-waters of the West, without ceremony, in retreats withdrawn from the pubhc eye. Neither, hav- ing taken coffee, do you leave the coffee-house. On the contrary, there are reasons why you should stay — and not only to take another coffee.

There are benches to curl up on, if you would do as the Romans do, having first neatly put off your shoes from off your feet. There are texts and patriotic pictures to look at, to say nothing of the wonderful brass arrangements wherein the kahveji concocts his mysteries. And I’d be very happy to have a copy editor and a professional designer working on my staff.

I think it depends greatly on the nature of the publication. AA ptolemy. Electronic submission does not eliminate all problems, if there is any attempt at “reformatting”.

This will often mangle elements such as tables and figures, introducing major errors that can make the paper incomprehensible.

Minor errors can be fixed anytime in on-line publications, this sharply reduces the justification for copy editors. Any reader can drop an email to the author about minor errors. A good argument can be made that unedited papers are actually more accurate, than those “fixed” by copy editors, when we consider the motivational factors mentioned above.

Stodolsky Euromath Center University of Copenhagen david euromath. Wim E. What a complicated bit of nonsense the CNRS is propagating! Si je n’etais pas si surmene, j’ecrirais tout ca en francais, mais sous le poids de mes nombreuses obligations actuelles, je compte sur la bienveillance d’autres pour bien vouloir traduire ce qui suit: I wish I had the time to straighten this out definitively, because otherwise a whole generation of innocent CNRS researchers will be needlessly handicapped by this misguided directive.

Here are the relevant facts and logic: 1 The CNRS directive does not distinguish between electronic journal publication and electronic preprint publication, and I will consider the cases separately, but the answer is the same for both: There is no problem, either in principle or in practice, with electronic dating; and the huge redundancy of the Internet provides many convergent cross-checks on the validity of a date — moreso than dated pieces of paper!

Each article in Psycoloquy is published on a calendar date, which remains part of its citation archive in perpetuo, along with the volume number and item number no more need for issue numbers, for reasons that should be obvious: articles can be published immediately after passing peer review, acceptance, and editing. No need to wait to collect them in an “issue” — consisting usually of unrelated articles anyway. If my Subversive Proposal vide infra is followed and authors establish public electronic preprint archives at their institutions for all their work, there is no reason a similar protected, coded, permanent dating system cannot be implemented for those archives too.

To imagine otherwise is to have a very limited grasp of the reality of electronic information and paper information too, by the way. Perhaps CNRS recommends that scientists not reveal their results on radio or TV either, because of the impossibility of establishing date information in nonprint media?

But there is a growing number of electronic-only journals that are publishing articles whose only form is and will ever be electronic. So unless the CNRS’s objective is to link the fate of its researchers inextricably, sink or swim, with the current paper flotilla, I advise them to undo this short-sighted directive at once, because the entire literature is poised to take to the skies, sooner or later and this directive only tilts the balance a bit more in favor of later — or at least later for France.

Alas it is in English, but there are some brilliant and eloquent spokesmen for this in French too. Only last night I saw on French TV5 the redifussion of a March programme featuring, among others, Jean-Claude Guedon of the University of Montreal, a passionate and articulate advocate of electronic publication as a new resource for reasserting the strength of francophonie in science and scholarship. Current Contents , November 11 Garson, L. Ginsparg, P. Computers in Physics.

August, American Institute of Physics. The Sciences 18 – Harnad, S. American Psychologist – Science, Technology and Human Values 55 – Review of S. Lock, A difficult balance: Peer review in biomedical publication. Nature 24 – 5. Psychological Science 1: – reprinted in Current Contents , November 11 Mason ed. Computer Conferencing: The Last Word. Beach Holme Publishers, ; and in: M.

Okerson, ed , 2nd edition. Times Higher Education Supplement, Multimedia, p. Washington, DC. Hayes, P. Minds and Machines 2: Library Journal 48 – Odlyzko, A. This is a subversive proposal that could radically hasten that day. It is applicable only to ESOTERIC non-trade, no-market scientific and scholarly publication but that is the lion’s share of the academic corpus anyway , namely, that body of work for which the author does not and never has expected to SELL his words.

He wants only to PUBLISH them, that is, to reach the eyes and minds of his peers, his fellow esoteric scientists and scholars the world over, so that they can build on one another’s contributions in that cumulative.

For centuries, it was only out of reluctant necessity that authors of esoteric publications entered into the Faustian bargain of allowing a price-tag to be erected as a barrier between their work and its tiny intended readership, for that was the only way they could make their work public at all during the age when paper publication and its substantial real expenses was their only option.

This is already beginning to happen in the physics community, thanks to Paul Ginsparg’s HEP preprint network, with 25, users worldwide and 45, “hits” per day, and Paul Southworth’s CICnet is ready to help follow suit in other disciplines. The only two factors standing in the way of this outcome at this moment are 1 quality control i.

The subversion will be complete, because the esoteric — no-market peer-reviewed literature will have taken to the airwaves, where it always belonged, and those airwaves will be free to the benefit of us all because their true minimal expenses will be covered the optimal way for the unimpeded flow of esoteric knowledge to all: In advance. How do these projects relate to your needs?

The goal was to provide a structure participants could use in evaluating and reviewing reports of the various digital library projects and to consider how those project were relevant to their own needs. Over 30 participants divided into three groups to discuss this topic and compile a list of questions.

Each group reported back to the larger group. Here are the reports from each group. Group 1 What is the library’s role in providing digitized resources? Should it provide access only or should it be seen as a publisher of information. If the latter, how should this activity be financed-via cost recovery or pay per view or some other option.

What is the impact of different cost models on user behavior. What is the importance of the digital library? Are any of these more important than the others? Group 2 -Who is the audience to which the digital library is directed? What are their needs? What is the digital library supposed to accomplish? Which standards still need to be developed? Are their censorship implications related to such selection?

What are the user interface issues? How important is uniformity of interfaces? How can that be done? Group 3 What are the standards and models for access and retention? What is the role of the public services staff in providing mediated access to and searching of electronic resources? How will this role change as the digital library develops? What responsibilities should libraries assume for archiving of digital resources? What standards are their for bibliographic control of digital resources?

How should we point users accustomed to print-based resources such as journals, books, and indexes to their digital equivalents? I am in the processing of handing over any responsibility I had for this journal in its planning stages to others, and therefore wish to discontinue my subscription to VPI-EJ at this time. I think it likely that the people who are now in charge of electronic publishing in our Society will wish to continue or begin subscribing.

These people are Dr. Eric Barron, email address: barron essc.

❿

Windows 10 1703 download iso italianos humble definition – windows 10 1703 download iso italianos hu.(PDF) CONSTANTINOPLE OLD AND NEW _ H .G. DWIGHT | Fawzé N . Semaan – replace.me

CSD is implicated in the development of inflammatory response and releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings.

Animal studies investigating the mechanisms of migraine and CSD are usually conducted under anesthesia, despite the fact that pain is a conscious experience. Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response. Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research. Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex.

Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrated the direct propagation of CSD waves in to thalamic reticular nucleus. It was dependent on full conscious experience and highly vulnerable to anesthetics. MK did not exert any effect on CSD induced amygdala activation and anxiety behavior. TRN is also involved in discrimination of sensory stimulus and transient disruption of sensorial perception during migraine headache attacks was reported Boran et al, Involvement of a strategic subcortical thalamic structure by a cortical event is important to explain several clinical features of migraine such as 1 Dysfunction of the GABAergic neurons in TRN would result in enhanced transmission of sensory information to the cortex and disruption of sensory discrimination 2 Photophobia and visual hallucinations of aura may reflect dysregulation of visual stimuli by the TRN, 3 TRN could play a role in either termination or initiation of an attack as sleep is closely related with migraine, attacks are often associated with the circadian cycle and are typically relieved by sleep, 4 Thalamo-cortical gating could be a novel target in migraine as valproate, triptans and CGRP antagonists MK suppressed CSD induced TRN activation.

Common misdiagnoses for TN include dental pathology, other regional neuralgias, short-lasting neuralgiform headaches with autonomic signs SUNHA , cluster headache and theoretically an atypical shorter cluster-tic syndrome CTS. More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes. We will outline and highlight the salient features across disorders that will ensure correct diagnosis.

Trigeminal neuralgia TN is a neurological disease which is peculiar under several respects. The diagnosis of TN, in its typical presentation, in unmistakable on clinical grounds alone.

Pain manifests with intense bursts that occur and end abruptly and usually last few seconds only. This type of pain is paradigmatic of what pain scholars call paroxysmal pain. The most common verbal descriptors are electric-shock like or stabbing. Unique to TN is the trigger mechanism. The attacks are evoked by innocuous stimuli in tiny zones of the extra- or intraoral trigeminal territories. The most frequent trigger maneuvers include activities of the daily life such as washing, cleaning, brushing the teeth or talking.

Although the trigger zones shared by most patients are confined between the nostril and the lateral perioral region, any area innervated by the trigeminal nerve may do. One aspect of pathophysiology is supported by established neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and histologic evidence: the primary mechanism is focal demyelination of primary afferents near the entry extra- or intra-axial of the trigeminal root into the pons. A second pathophysiologic theory, admittedly more debatable, is that hyperexcitable primary afferents, in the area of focal demyelination, become a source of ectopic generation of impulses and ephaptic transmission cross talk from close, healthy nerve fibers.

Finally, TN is unique also for its pharmacological and surgical treatment. TN is highly sensitive to voltage-gated, frequency-dependent sodium-channels blockers and almost nothing else , and is the neuropathic pain condition that respond best to surgical lesions of the postganglionic primary sensory afferents. The speaker will present an overview of the methodological potentials and challenges of the HUNT survey. Results will be displayed regarding prevalences of the common headache disorders and their trends over time.

Most importantly, the HUNT-survey enables risk factor analyses. Findings will be reviewed for factors of life such as physical activity, substance use, head traumas, insomnia, and mortality. Finally, associations between intracranial abnormalities and headache disorders are now beginning to be published from a neuroimaging sub-study HUNT MRI.

SD is widely accepted as the pathophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and may play a role in headache pathogenesis in secondary headache disorders such as ischemic stroke, subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. Here, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms and propose plausible hypotheses on the involvement of SD in primary and secondary headache disorders.

SD can activate downstream trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways to explain the cephalgia in migraine, and possibly in secondary headache disorders as well. In healthy, well-nourished tissue such as migraine , the intense transmembrane ionic shifts, the cell swelling, and the metabolic and hemodynamic responses associated with SD do not cause tissue injury; however, when SD occurs in metabolically compromised tissue e. Recent non-invasive technologies to detect SDs in human brain injury may aid in the investigation of SD in headache disorders in which invasive recordings are not possible.

SD explains migraine aura and progression of neurological deficits associated with other neurological disorders. Studying the nature of SD in headache disorders might provide pathophysiological insights for disease and lead to targeted therapies in the era of precision medicine. The proportion of adult patients reporting non-traumatic headache as their major complaint at ER access ranges from 0. The main objective is to identify the patients who require urgent investigations besause of a suspected serious secondary cause.

The crucial step in the diagnosis is the initial interview. Most patients presenting with headache as the chief complaint have a primary headache disorder, such as migraine or tension-type headache, the diagnosis of which relies on strict diagnostic criteria in the absence of any objective marker. Secondary headache disorders manifest as new-onset headaches that arise in close temporal association with the underlying cause. Secondary headache should be suspected in any patient without a history of primary headache who reports a new onset headache and in any patient with a new unusual headache that is clearly distinct from their usual primary headache attacks.

Since many serious disorders, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, can present with isolated headache and a normal clinical examination, diagnosis is reliant on clinical investigation. Subarachnoid hemorrhage should be suspected in anyone with a sudden or a thunderclap headache. Diagnosis is based on plain brain computed tomography and, if tomogram is normal, on lumbar puncture.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be suspected in anyone with recurrent thunderclap headaches over a few days. Cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and pituitary apoplexy may present with isolated headache and normal physical examination, normal cerebral computed tomography and normal cerebrospinal fluid. When computed tomography and lumbar puncture are normal, other investigations are needed, including cervical and cerebral vascular imaging and brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Menstruation is a significant risk factor for migraine with attacks most likely to occur between 2 days before the onset of menstruation and the first three days of bleeding. The pathophysiology of menstrual attacks involves estrogen withdrawal and potentially abnormal release of prostaglandins triggered by the end-cycle drop in estrogen level. Reproductive year are the life span during which many women require effective contraception. Migraine with aura MA and to a lesser extent migraine without aura MO increase the risk for cardiovascular events, especially for stroke.

There is a substantial elevation of these risks in migraineurs using combined contraceptive pills COC. Several clinical trials report improvements in migraine frequency and intensity in users of the progestin-only pill POP with desogestrel 75microgram. Both, inhibition of ovulation and ist continous use contribute to reduce hormone flucutations during ist use. The positive impact of this pill has been shown in MA and MO patients.

In women with chronic migraine, the reduction in pain medications used contributes to prevent medication overuse headaches. The existing nosology of cranial-nerve pains does not fully portray the subtle differences between various conditions.

However, rather than abandoning many long-established diagnostic terms, this classification retains them, providing detailed definitions for differential diagnoses and their types, subtypes and subforms. There are several axes of classification: a syndomology neuralgia vs. The authors of the classification tried to incorporate the existing literature into the IHS classification system. The current version defines the trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuropathy.

Trigeminal neuralgia is subdivided into classical due to nerve-vascular compression, not purely a nerve vascular contact , idiopathic unknown cause or nerve vascular contact, because the value of a nerve vascualr contact is unclear and secondary due to other disease. Base don the clinical presentation it is further characterised as TN with and without concomitant facial pain indicating pure response to treatment. The cut-line for distinguishing between an acute and persistent headache is defined to be 3 months: resolution of headache within this period complies with an acute, persistence for the longer time — with a persistent headache.

Headache attributed to the injury to the head is further subclassified based on the severity of preceding trauma. Probably one of the most debated diagnostic criterions of this chapter is the time of onset of headache after a traumatic event. For the main classification it is agreed that causative relation between trauma and development of headache should be within 7 days after the trauma. However based on a data derived from reports of everyday clinical practice alternative criteria published under the Appendix allow the delayed onset of headache, reaching up to 30 days following the injury.

Clinical phenotypes of post-traumatic headache are varying from mild tension-type-like to severe migrainous. Pathophysiological mechanisms of post-traumatic headaches remain largely unclear as a reason to the epidemiological data suggesting, that mild injury to the head represents a greater risk of developing persistent headache.

The latter one causes a considerable reduction of health related quality of life and frequently is challenging in terms of treatment, requiring pharmacological preventative medications and non-pharmacological cognitive behavioural treatment, physical therapy, counselling etc approaches. For treatment resistant cases interventional procedures, usage of onabotulinum toxin A and neurostimulation have been reported to be potentially effective.

To determine persistence of and transitions between episodic migraine EM and chronic migraine CM and to describe and model the natural variability of self-reported frequency of headache days. Relatively little is known about the stability of headache days per month in persons with EM or CM over time. Within person variability in headache day frequency has implications for the diagnosis of CM, assessing treatment in clinical practice and for the design and interpretation of clinical trials.

We modelled longitudinal transitions between EM and CM and, separately, headache day frequency per month using negative binomial repeated measures regression models NBRMR. Among the 5, respondents with EM at baseline providing 4 or 5 waves of data, 5, Among respondents with CM at baseline providing 4 or 5 waves of data, had CM in every wave Individual plots revealed striking within-person variations in headache days per month.

Follow-up at 3 month intervals reveals a high level of short-term variability in headache days per month. Nearly three forths of persons with CM at baseline drop below this diagnostic boundary at least once over the course of a year.

These findings my influence case definitions of migraine subtypes, the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies and clinical trials as well as the interpretation of change in headache days in clinical practice. Impairment of brain solute clearance through the recently described glymphatic system has been linked with traumatic brain injury, sleep deprivation, and aging.

This lecture will summarize new data showing that cortical spreading depression CSD , the neural correlate of migraine aura, closes the paravascular space and impairs glymphatic flow. This closure holds the potential to define a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow. It also implicates the glymphatic system in altered cortical and endothelial functioning of the migraine brain, which can explain the increased risk of stroke among migraine aura patients.

Many patients report that their need to avoid light is driven mainly by how unpleasant it makes them feel. This lecture will attempt to explain why is light unpleasant. The data presented will show that during migraine, light can trigger the perception of a hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses such as chest tightness, throat tightness, shortness of breath, fast breathing, faster than usual heart rate, light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, salivation, rhinorrhea, stuffy sinuses and lacrimation; b hypothalamic mediated non-autonomic responses such as thirst, hunger drowsiness, tiredness, sleepiness, fatigue, and yawning; c negative emotions such as intense, irritable, angry, nervous, hopeless, needy, agitated, sad, scared, cranky, upset, depressed, disappointed, jittery, worried, stressed, anxious, panic and fear; and d positive emotions such as happy, relaxing, soothing, and calming.

By defining better the aversive nature of light, the findings suggest that the retina and hypothalamus play a critical role in migraine-type photophobia and that photophobia may not depend on hyperexcitable visual cortex, as traditionally thought. We have recently described a macroscopic pathway in the central nervous system — the glymphatic system that facilitates the clearance of interstitial waste products from neuronal metabolism.

Glymphatic clearance of macromolecules is driven by cerebrospinal fluid CSF that flows in along para-arterial spaces and through the brain parenchyma via support from astroglial aquaporin-4 water channels. The glymphatic circulation constitutes a complete anatomical pathway; para-arterial CSF exchanges with the interstitial fluid, solutes collect along para-venous spaces, then drain into the vessels of the lymphatic system for ultimate excretion from the kidney or degradation in the liver.

As such, this may after circulation represent a novel and unexplored target for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of headache in General Population adults years old in Greece. A quantitative study, using the form of computer-assisted telephone interviews C.

A draft questionnaire consisting of 37 questions was delivered in headache sufferers in a pre-study work to evaluate the diagnosis of the primary headache disorder according to ICH-3beta diagnostic criteria. After the analysis of this questionnaire the specific item questionnaire was decided. The one-year prevalence of Migraine that reduces activity was 8. Females tend to suffer more from migraines and TTH as well as ages The average patients has been suffering from headaches for 12 years. Headaches typically occur once a month or more frequently, 8 days per month on average.

Although patients rarely misss work due to headaches, they do report headache-induced reductions in performance around 3 days per month.

About one fifth of patients seek professional treatment for headaches, most of them in the private sector. The most popular specialty for headache treatment is neurologist, followed by internist. Regarding both prophylactic and acute treatment, patients prefer oral medication to injection, even if the former is administered more frequently.

The stimulation device seems to be more attractive to males. Painkillers also are by far the most common acute treatment for headaches and the vast majority of patients have never taken prophylaxis for headaches. Only a small fraction have stopped taking a prophylactic treatment due to adverse effects. Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP , a neuropeptide previously known only by specialists interested in neurogenic inflammation, is now discussed throughout the communities of migraine researchers, headache therapists and even migraine patients.

The reason for this surprising career of CGRP awareness is evident. CGRP is the main neuropeptide of a major part of nociceptive trigeminal afferents and is released upon their activation. Thus CGRP release is characteristic, though in no way specific, for the trigeminovascular system, which is regarded as the structural basis for headache generation.

In fact, CGRP has been found at elevated concentrations in the cranial outflow during attacks of migraine and some trigemino-autonomic headaches; infusion of CGRP into patients suffering from primary headaches can cause head pain mimicking their spontaneous headache attacks; inhibiting CGRP or its receptors or its release can be preventive or therapeutic in those types of primary headaches. However, looking behind the curtain of impressive significance of this biomarker, broad gaps in our knowledge are visible concerning the sites of CGRP release, its flow through the meningeal compartments, the sites and mechanisms of actions and its elimination.

With preclinical experiments we are only at the beginning to study these issues, which are increasingly important in the light of new pharmacological developments targeting CGRP and its receptors by antagonists or monoclonal antibodies, and keeping in mind possible risks of a long-term treatment with these substances.

Trigeminal activity controlled by CGRP receptor activation could indeed be a pivot point in headache generation and therapy. However, measurable circulating concentrations of CGRP are far too low to explain any receptor effects, while it is difficult to assess its real concentrations near the likely release sites, namely the meningeal terminals of trigeminal afferents, the trigeminal ganglion and the central terminals in the trigemino-cervical brainstem complex.

The central effects of CGRP as a synaptic neuromodulator could explain neuronal CGRP effects to some extent but big molecules like monoclonal antibodies are unlikely to pass the blood-brain barrier and may not be able to act there.

Peripheral effects of CGRP are largely confined to its well-known vascular functions, while fast neuronal effects are not established so far in the trigeminal system. The trigeminal ganglion is a possible point of CGRP action but only few experiments have shown an impact on the signalling or metabolic changes of ganglion neurons.

Therefore new experimental approaches are needed to uncover the secrets of the nociceptive CGRP signalling system and its therapeutic control. Medical management of headache disorders, for the vast majority of people affected by them, can and should be carried out in primary care.

It does not require specialist skills. Nonetheless, it is recognised that non-specialists throughout Europe may have received limited training in the diagnosis and treatment of headache. This publication, in the Journal of Headache and Pain , provides a combination of educational materials and practical management aids.

It is a product of the Global Campaign against Headache, a programme of action for the benefit of people with headache conducted by the UK-registered non-governmental organization Lifting The Burden LTB in official relations with the World Health Organization.

It updates the first edition [1], published 10 years ago. It has undergone review by a wider consultation group of headache experts, including representatives of the member national societies of EHF, primary-care physicians from eight countries of Europe, and lay advocates from the European Headache Alliance. While the focus is Europe, the inclusion in the consultation group of members from all six world regions has aimed for cross-cultural relevance of all content so that it is useful to a much wider population.

The European principles of management of headache disorders in primary care , laid out in 11 sections, are the core of the content. Each of these is more-or-less stand-alone, in order to act as practical management aids as well as educational resources.

There is a set of additional practical management aids. An abbreviated version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition ICHD-3 , provides diagnostic criteria for the few headache disorders relevant to primary care. A headache diary further assists diagnosis and a headache calendar assists follow-up.

A measure of headache impact the HALT index can be employed in pre-treatment assessment of illness severity, and an outcome measure the HURT questionnaire is a guide to follow-up and need for treatment-review. Five patient information leaflets are included, which may be offered to patients to improve their understanding of their headache disorders and their management. We hope for benefits for both physicians and patients. Several data indicate that migraine, especially migraine with aura, is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and other vascular events.

Of concern is whether the risk of ischemic stroke in migraineurs is magnified by the use of hormonal contraceptives HCs. As migraine prevalence is high in women of reproductive age, it is common to face the issue of migraine and HC use in clinical practice. The document pointed out that evidence addressing the risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs is generally poor. All information relies on observational data, which may carry the risk of potential bias.

Available studies had different settings and used different groups for comparing risks, limiting reliable comparison of studies as a pooled analysis of data. Most of the available studies were published several years ago and used compounds which are different from those available today.

Additionally, in most studies not enough information is available regarding the type of HC considered and in most cases results are not provided according to migraine type. Despite those limitations, available data pointed toward an increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs in women with migraine. Literature indicated that, whereas combined HCs carry a certain risk of arterial ischemic events this does not happen for progestogens-only HCs which are considered safe in terms of cardiovascular risk even in the presence of associated risk factors.

Considering those data, and unless studies will prove safety of the use of combined HCs in women with migraine, the recommendations from the Consensus Group gave priority to safety and suggested several limitations in the use of combined HCs in women with migraine.

J Headache Pain ;in press. Neuropathic pain is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.

The term lesion is refers to nervous system damage demonstrated by imaging, neurophysiology, biopsies or surgical evidence. The term disease is used when the nervous system damage is due to a neurological disorder such as stroke or peripheral diabetes neuropathy.

In peripheral neuropathic pain there is usually a mixture of damaged and undamaged axons within the peripheral nerve, leading to the clinical presentation with ongoing pain, sensory loss and sensory gain hyperalgesia, allodynia. The clinical presentation in central neuropathic pain is similar, but the mechanisms are less well understood. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathic pain include ectopic impulse generation, peripheral sensitization of undamaged nerve fibers, and central sensitization; the latter includes altered signal processing in the CNS due to changes in descending pain modulation.

For this reason the exact prevalence of neuropathic pain is not yet known, but is expected to be high due to the high prevalence of the underlying neurological disorders. A range of clinical neurophysiological and functional imaging studies have suggested that migraine might be associated with cerebellar dysfunction. These studies all had methodological short-comings to a greater or lesser extent.

Therefore, it is still uncertain whether migraine is associated with cerebellar dysfunction, and, if so, to what extent and why. Recent anatomical studies demonstrated that the output of the cerebellum targets multiple non-motor areas in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. Neuro-anatomy and functions of the cerebellum will be reviewed as well as the evidence of cerebellar infarcts in migraineurs.

During the last decades, the methods of neurophysiology proved to be very effective in disclosing subtle functional abnormalities of the brain of patients affected by primary headache disorders. These methods received several refinements during the last years, further improving our understanding of headaches pathophysiology. Abnormal increased responsivity was several times revealed with almost all the sensory modalities of stimulation in migraine between attacks, with its normalization during the attacks.

Recently, authors observed that the degree of some neurophysiological abnormalities might depends on the distance from the last attack, i. Somatosensory cortex lateral inhibition, gating, and interhemispheric inhibition were altered in migraine, and may contribute to cortical hyperresponsivity and clinical features. Cluster headache patients are characterized by a deficient habituation of the brainstem blink reflex during the bout, outside of attacks, on the affected side.

Evidence for sensitization of pain processing was disclosed by studying temporal summation threshold of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex, which was less modulated by supraspinal descending inhibitory controls. In conclusion, much has been discovered and much more needs to be investigated to better understand what causes, how it triggers, keeps and runs out recurrent primary headaches.

Clarifying some of these mechanisms might help in the identification of new therapeutic targets. Within the brain, neuropeptides can modulate the strength of synaptic signaling even at a relatively large distance from their site of release. Given the evidence for CGRP in migraine and potential roles for other hypothalamic peptides, it seems likely that altered neuropeptide actions may be a general theme underlying the heightened sensory state of migraine.

Towards this point, I will briefly discuss our preclinical CGRP and optogenetic studies using light aversive behavior in mouse models as a surrogate for migraine-associated photophobia.

Classical trigeminal neuralgia TN is a unique neuropathic facial pain disorder. As there are no diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis, it relies on a thorough history and exam. MRI is used to exclude symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, not to confirm the diagnosis of TN. Knowing how to interpret MRI findings is of importance with respect to surgical treatment options and their expected chance of a successful outcome.

TN is characterized by paroxysms of unilateral intense pain usually in the 2 nd and 3 rd trigeminal branch. The pain quality is stabbing and the pain is typically evoked by sensory stimuli like light touch, brushing teeth, cold wind or eating. Up to half of the patients also have concomitant persistent pain. A smaller proportion of patients may have sporadic autonomic symptoms. The average age of disease onset is in the early fifties and TN is slightly more prevalent in women than in men.

As a general rule, the neurological exam is normal in TN patients. As objective signs of TN, patients may wince at pain paroxysms and may avoid shaving or brushing their teeth on the affected side. Some studies argue that a proportion of TN patients have subtle sensory abnormalities at bedside exam, primarily hypoesthesia.

Studies using quantitative sensory testing also documented sensory changes in TN. Rather than indicating nerve damage, the findings may be explained by functional changes of the nervous system in response to severe pain. There is widespread consensus that TN is associated to a neurovascular contact between the trigeminal nerve and a blood vessel in the prepontine course of the nerve.

Preclinical experiments revealed that both PACAP and PACAP were found elevated in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of rats following electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or chemical stimulation by nitroglycerin of the trigeminovascular system [3]. A magnetic resonance imaging MRI angiographic study demonstrated that PACAPinduced headache was associated with prolonged dilatation of the middle meningeal arteries, but not of the middle cerebral arteries in healthy volunteers [4].

The recent functional imaging study pointed that intravenous PACAPinduced migraine attacks was associated with alterations in brain network connectivity [6]. Clinical investigation provided evidence of a clear association between migraine phases during a spontaneous migraine attack versus pain-free period and the alteration of plasma PACAP level [7]. The activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system by vasoactive neuropeptides might be crucial factors of the migraine pathogenesis [8].

The recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest the importance of PACAP as a future biomarker of migraine headache. Schytz, H. PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura. Tuka, B. Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system.

Peptides ; Amin, F. Cephalalgia ; Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Brain ; Neurology ; Alterations in PACAPlike immunoreactivity in the plasma during ictal and interictal periods of migraine patients. Several studies are found a relationship between headache and psychiatric comorbidity in both children and adolescents []. The most frequently described comorbidities include anxiety, mood disorders [1], sleep disorder [2] and attention hyperactive disorder [3].

Therefore, the relevance of other mediating factors for the co-occurrence of headache and psychiatric comorbidity has to be taken into consideration. Recent research found that an insecure attachment may be a risk factor for an outcome of poor adaptation that includes chronic pain [9] and that pain perception may change in relation with specific attachment styles.

The ambivalent attachment seems to be the most common style among patients reporting high attack frequency and severe pain intensity and in children with this attachment style there is a relationship between high attack frequency and high anxiety levels [10].

Barone et al. Although more studies are needed in order to detect the biological, genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying the relationship between headache and comorbidities, attachment styles can be regarded as one of the factors mediating this association [12]. Anxiety, depression and behavioral problems among adolescents with recurrent headache: the Young-HUNT study. The relationship between sleep and headache in children: implications for treatment.

Headache and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children: common condition with complex relation and disabling consequences. Epilepsy Behav. Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. Mol Med. Association of 5-HTT gene polymorphisms with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci ; : Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain ; Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries.

Twin Res. Pain and emotion: a biopsychological review of recent research. J Clin Psychol ; 67 9 : Attachment styles in children affected by migraine without aura. MtrnslO’;, Athens. I SO Ibid. Salaville, p, 0,’: Gk.. If he arrived in Constantinople during the Swmner of , then, seven years later would be dW’jng General Emo continued to insist all his invitation, but Elias refused to accept. Marco Loredano, who also became one of Elias Meniates’ closest friends Between He remained a fervent and caring Bishop for almost three years, mel.

He became also a friend and ddviSi. Sagrec j. I”” o. At the age of forty five, Elias Meniates died in the area of Palaia see, r. III Peloponnesus. His father transferred the body of Elias to Cephalonia. Frangiscos, published the collected writings of his SOil and published them under the title “61oaxai,, This is the first known publication of the “. Frangiscos, also collected Elias’ writings on the issues of the Primacy of the Pope, the Schism and the prerequisites for the reunification of the Eastern and Western Church He published these writings under the title “IItLpcx During the yea.

They also engraved the marble-stone with an inscription dedicated to Elias, t 11C WI. Some simply state “summer “, orjust ” KTjC;, p.

It was created by the Italian artist Giorini. It was donated to the people llf Cephalonia by the local priest, Angelos Pefanes. The pedestal on which Elias’ statue was placed on, was also donated. Mar,k h ‘ The man in today’s Gospel reading is both paralytic and sinful.

This miserable man has a two-fold illness, paralysis of the body and sins of the soul. For the first [iilness], he is close tl death.

For,no the second [illness] he is close to hell, and he is in the ultimate danger to both. It was heard that our Lord, Jesus Christ. A number of Biblical and Patristic quotations in the original texts were not refercnced ill.

The author decided to include in the translations those quotcd texts, in their original Greek version. What a pitiful sight a paralyzed man is! A iive picture of a dead man, an unburied corpse, a living remnant, who lives internally since he has only breath, and is dead externally since he has no movement, an unfortunate combination of life and death’ He places his hopes neither on the healer, nor on the cure; he expects nothing other than the cure of his incurable disease bl79 a perfect death.

And is this not the most serious from all diseases’J And even with all this, with one phrase that the Savior tells him.

On S the other hand, think abollt the strength of these words of the savior, in the mouth or? SillS are, I'” lJlj.! You saw there the burden of this termina1 illness, and you saw here the great ease of the graceful 49 ] healing.

A sinful person is in danger of being tempted at all times, [something] which is the most burdensome passion of the human soul, and only with the word of the divine grace can he be free from that danger; this is the easiest cure of the holy grace. Let these two matters that are the sickness which comes from sin and the healing which is forgiveness become today’s teaching. Part A I do not know if I am able to make you understand what sin might be.

Nothing is committed easier and nothing is more difficult to understand. And this is the reason why it is so easy to sin and so difficult to repent.

What can 1 say in order to make you understand this infinite evil? Ike the scn:n deadly sins. Teachers, iVlartyrs. Ascetics, I am telling you that all the holiness of Heaven and Eanh cannot lin sin. That Yen’ moment, when we sin, it would be much better if the sun were to disappear from our eyes, or the earth to open from under our feet, so that it could bury us alive: because at that very moment we insult God.

We transgress S:. His Hiood, provoke His Judgement. I erent ways; o ‘ ] aut hentlca lorglves sIn. II y,-q! When a door is locked it can be opened in two ways [] directly, in a supernatural way, without a key. I want to kindly ask you now, after you think how burdensome o1’al1 evil sin is, to think how easy ofa cure forgiveness is.

Without a doubt God was able to order the forgiveness of Sin [to be done] in any way, including the most dit1icult. He could say, for example: Man, [you] who have sinned toward me, God; if J want to act like a righteous judge, I have to punish you, according to t he degree of your sin. For one sin I exiled Devil from the Heaven. God acted in the same way toward His beloved friends.

IllS people’s. He repented and ,. First, the child that was conceived through adultery was taken away by God. Second, God sent to him Jonathan, the Prophet, to put fOllh ‘,16 three very burdensome things for David to choose from: either three years of hunger. Distressed, David said, “mc’w. He chose the three days of plague [in his kingdom]. Wheretore he saw seventy thousand men killed by God’s Angel And with a damage so large, and a lot of pain, he bought from God the forgiveness of his sins.

But God does not choose a similar way [of repentance] for us, who err even more than David And although God does not WI pressure us. And with all this [trouble] we should be pleased, so that we can be forgiven and not condemnecf 52 eternally.

But how ineffable God’s mercy is! He did not order [something like] that either. For an infinite evil to be effaced, for an infinite weight to be lifted, He ordered the easiest and quickest method.

Vall WI’11 be heai d e.. Is sin like leprosy, a passion so malodorous. Sinners, ill from the most deadly passion. Do not go to Jerusalem. They hold all the authority of’tt rgiveness, all the power of healing Whatever [sins] they forgive in this earth are also forgiven in heaven. Immediately, when that spiritual father opens his mouth and says on the earth, “SOil. I forgive you, replies from above the Son and Word of God. Here, the priest offers the decision of forgiveness; and the Holy Spirit signs it immediately.

What a miracle I. I say again referring to the power of those powerful words. We, angels of the dark. We entered into His embrace; we received His grace again; we gained His love again In short, sinners. S64 or, “handicapped Is this why you are scared now? Are you afraid’ Are you desperate’ Let this not be so! We know. And truly, they came, saw, and found the stone rolled away and removed from the tomb.

God sent an Angel and removed the stone from the tomb, because He could see the good intentions of the [myrrh-bearing] women When the intentions of man are good, then God makes everything easy. There can be a stone blocking the way and hardship; God surpasses every obstacle. Maybe this is what a sinful soul should say, when it wants to go to the spiritual father and it hesitates. Alas to me! My sins are like a 5′,5 or, “find-out.

I abused my body. But who lifted if tf. Vvw ‘ltfl,Jfli K l “. And the spiritual Hither should only say one thing: “Son, your. But I can see that you can not walk either, because you are limping.

So listen to what I have to say to you. With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the harlot?

With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the world? Yes, says Saint Chrysostom, because God’s forbearance punishes twice as much the unrepentant. Please try to think of it a little better God wanted to do a benevolent act toward the ungrateful people of Jerusalem; and there, in a fi:. The miracle occurred there in one place [only], only one time, one time each year.

Here, fthat same miracle] happens in every city and country and Christian church, every day and every hour, as long as we want it to [happen] Here, it is not an Angel, a pure spirit, to see our passions. Let it be pride, let it be slander, let it be blasphemy. You still do not rush to repentance so that you can receive forgiveness and salvation’ Your sickness [is] so serious and your healing so easy, and you [still] do not want it?

Sheep Gale. Oil i ,w TOV a. You distance yourself [from God] today a lot, tomorrow [even] more. You distance yourself [from God] and wonder around like the lost sheep on the corrupted path to death. Away from the Church, away from the Holy Mysteries, away from yourself, and far away from God. And God. Do you not feel in your hea11 sometirnes the control of your conscience” It is God’s hand at that time that pulls the rope to lead you to repentance. B ut you, d0 not come, aI ‘mVlted, though.

You are nailed inside the arms OfyOUf prostitute. You are bound by the chains of your avarice You are rooted in evil. At the end the rope breaks: God gets burdened, angered, He lets you go and you fall, miserable human being, in complete 61] Rom ; English translation: “Or do. Do you not realize that God’s kindness is meant to feadyou to repentance? Who was at fault? You [were]. Who feels sorry for you’ No one [does].

But I exorcise you in the name of the Living God, my Christian brother, do not let that rope be cut in half. When the goodness of God pulls you toward repentance, return to God. God keeps His arms open to accept you [b ac k] Wit.

Methodios, a pious and wise monk, was sent by God and the Church to catechize in the Olthodox faith of Christ the Bulgarian king, who, passing from idolatry to the knowledge of God, was baptized and subjected himself and his province to the Roman kingdom and the throne of Constantinople.

In the one on the Second Coming he presented the Son of God sitting on a high and raised from the ground throne, with a lot of power and glory, dressed with the light of Divine Glory.

There were thousands of Angels that stood by; innumerable multitudes of people being judged, awaiting the decision of the fearful Judge; the sign of the Cross that appeared in front of the table of sacrifice; the river of fire streaming out of the fiery throne; and all the other detailed events of the future judgment. This is a catechetical homily on Repentance.

And everyday, the wise teacher [Methodios], would place both urawings in front of[the eyes] of the student-king, to make him realize that this is the judgement and hell for a sinner; and with that he tried to strengthen him is the right faith and to lead him to the God-loving life.

I praise the teaching style and skill of the righteous Methodios, and I wanted to imitate that teaching style. From that l got the idea, in the two previous sermons, to create two icons for you, and on one I painted the future judgment, and on the other the etemal hell. The reason I did this was to lead you toward repentance, which is the only path for you to avoid both, the wrath of the future Judgment and the tortures of eternal Hell, for which I come to speak to you today.

V aV7. But, alas l You still wait? You still do not repent? And you still insist on your opinion, your passion, your sin’ Coldhearted and irreparable sinners, listen to what I come to tell you today; I want to talk to you about Repentance, but I will prove to you that: he who can [repent today] but does not repent, maybe will not be able to repent when he will want to repent. Is it God s Grace alone, or God’s Grace and man’s will together? The heresy of the Pclagians 62J is that the will of man alone, without the Grace of God, is enough to justify and save man.

The heresy of the Lutheran Calvinists is that the Grace of God alone, without the will of man, does the same. The others teach that the Grace [of God] is not necessary to complement the human will.

They [on the other hand] teach that the [human] wiil is free like the Grace. But neither the will of man alone, nor the grace of God alone, but both the will and Grace can justify and save man. The true opinion of the Orthodox is that the Grace is always necessary and the will is always free. Christ says, ‘whoever wants to follow me, let him deny himself.

And He says again, ‘without me, you can not do anything’: “Xwph;; c:P. God, Who created man without [the will ot] man, can not save man without [the will ot1 man, meaning without man wanting it, says the prudent St. For us to be saved, it has to come, both, from us and from God.

And St. Chrysostom says that Grace, and Grace 6:’. God’s grace invites, but man’s will has to accept the invitation. If one remains a sinner for a long time, without repenting, those two wheels, those two wings, Will and Grace. Will gets weak by long habit; Grace gets weak by procrastination. Let us start trom the first one. Of course the will of man is more inclined toward the evil, rather than toward good; he climbs toward virtue with “‘-great difficulty; but he falls easilv to evil; and if he When the city of Pentapolis was burned from that tire that rained from heaven to burn that wicked sin, God wanted to save the Just Lot 6.

Walk as fast as you can and make sure that you never look back. Do not look back, because it is dangerous by a look Mk, ‘1’, The whole earth is on fire, burning from sin; flames come from all directions and in the outside they burn the people, but they also entered Christ’s Church, everywhere, in any age and [social] class; and evil possesses laymen and priests, men and women, elderly, young and children.

Kat J7ff. That is what the grace of God says, but the human nature does not listen; and it does not walk straight on the path of the Divine Commandments; he remains lazy and turns toward evil; and as he turns around, he is trapped by evil and remains trapped: he turns around to look at that face, and he is trapped by the wishes of the flesh; he turns around to look at that profit, and he is trapped by avarice; he turns around to look at that vain glory, and he is trapped by pride: he turns around to look at the evil, he saw evil, [and] he became stiff toward evil; he became a column of salt, like Lot’s wife; stiff and immobile toward evil [And human] will became habit, which is second law in politics, [but] second nature in moral issues, and both nature and law to the will.

Nature, which at the end becomes necessity and influences with in. How many times do we do certain things out of habit, things that otherwise we would not do by nature?

A law that at the end becomes tyrannical and violates the laws of the free will. How many times do we act, not because we want to, but [rather] because we are used to [acting that wayp o t he WIof! Although difficult, authority is a desirable thing; we give up our life with more ease, than we give up authority.

One day. You want to confess [your sins], but you do not want to improve. This is the same with wanting and not wanting; a sign that the ropes that bind you were released somewhat, but have not been [completely] cut.

Now that you hear the teaching, your heart becomes a little softer [and] tears come out of your eyes, but as soon as you exit from the church your heart returns to evil. Of, PJeasure And will follows habit.

Then, when will you change? Just listen to what the Holy Spirit has 1[0 say through the mouth. Ol1KOUc; Kmal.. Like the woman Semiramis who took over her husband’s kingdom just for one day, like the habit takes over the will, the ephemeral becomes permanent; one day becomes a whole life; one leads to the other; one wheel does not roll, one wing does not fly; what I want to say is that your will is weak and [alone it] can not lead you toward repentance But the other wheel, then, the other wing, the Grace of God, what does that do?

That is an exceptional Grace and it is not always granted to everyone. Do not take for granted this Divine Grace, that God gives a few times and to a few people.

Because you were born in the arms of the true Church, and brought up from pious parents with the milk of the holiest Faith To protect you from the strangers who deceive you with wordly pleasures. H’ English Tmnslal. If English U1Uls! God abandon “‘i Hi’ “u’:OCil. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone’s face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.

They all call you to repentance, criticize your sins, scare you with judgment and hell; but you ignore their words, make fun of their advice like You were hardened in sin and you adapted in evil; and, thus, I tell you on His behalf, that if you live with sin, you will die with sin; “Kw EV i.

What kind of cOilfession [will you have] with a tongue numbed by the illness? And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains? You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit’? You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life? But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then?

What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others’ Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable.

And as the example of the few [who lived a bad life but died a good death] gives you hope, why does the example of the many not cause fear to you? Hence, if now that you are still able to repent, you do not want to repent, there may come a time when you will want to repent, but will not be able to do so.

This is what I wanted to prove to you; I proved it, and now I will rest. When the wound is old, it does not need light medication, but rather it needs fire and iron; and in our case, we do not need complementing and sweet words, but rather [we need] bitter and scary [words]; this is very true.

We do not repent, because we think that we always have time to repent, but we are deceived; because, in order to repent as we should, we are lacking the Will, which can no longer rid the habit, and also the Grace of God, that can no longer bear the sins.

Devil invented this skill ofleading people to death with the hope of repentance. Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah! This is the time, [and] this is the way; the time is now, that we climb toward Jerusalem, now that the holy days are here, now that the holy Sacrifice is near, fertile time, time to repent.

Among the bonds of sin that bind the conscience, three are the most important. The bond of resentment, the bond of avarice and the bond of the flesh. Do you want me to show you how to unbind yourselves from them’:’ [If yes], then listen. When Alexander the Great took his army to conquer Asia, he arrived at the Temple of Zeus, and there he saw a famous knot.

What a small thing to untie a knot! What a great profit to conquer a kingdom! The ambitious King Alexander the Great was immediately challenged by the desire; he looked at the Knot and saw neither end nor beginning. The ends were hidden, bound tightly, entangled one inside the other, and appeared impossible to untie. He turned it around again and again and he tried hard with his hands, but could not untie it.

The knots of sin are many more, Christian, and it is God’s true oracle that he who unties the knots of sin will inherit the kingdom of Heaven; what a small effort, but what a great profit! When you can not untie them with your thoughts, or, “punishment. I will not be forgiven; that is how you cut the bonds Now, let us go to the bond avarice h ‘” Hov.

Christian, while you think about these things. J love my children, but. Chrysostom That is how the Knot is untied. Let us come now to the third knot, which is the carnal desires: ‘ And what a tight knot’ Here there really is neither a beginning nor an end; to abandon either the harlot or that woman that you maintain. Was it her beauty or her skill that deceived you. But, thank God. God has abandoned him, and I do not talk with him, because those would be wasted words.

I converse with you, who keep your conscience awake, have fear of God, have shame of people. Muhammad the Second. He saw her, fell in love with her. Nobody liked the fact that the king.

He learned about the criticism by his people, stopped, thought for a while. Love fought with glory. On one han. I will never untie that knot. Church is disgusted v. I come io leU! I or, “p. I David, what did you decide” Three great curses, hunger. Three years of hunger. I fall in the arms of men’ I do not know what to say.

I also decided , says. Yes, [they do]: but they both make [the] right decision, EW 1 xvva says that she would prefer to fall in the hands of men, rather than in or. When does she say that? Before she commits sin. So, then, it is a thousand times better for one to fall in the hands of men, before they commit sin, while they are still faultless and pure, that is to say to be slandered against, [and] to be lapidated [to death], rather than, after committing sin, to fall in the hands of God, that is to say to insult Him, to outrage Him.

Is it not a terrible thing for a human being, without committing sin, to fall into the hands of human beings, who, after all, have no power other than to kill the body, but not the soul? C; VJiwv iT a. Jiapn:iv f:vwmov Kvpiov. After he committed sin. So, then, when one has committed a sin, it is better for them to fall in the hands of God, Who is of course compassionate, where with a “HW1fJTOV,,, He is pacified, [and] liSam 4 English translation: “Do not fear those who kill the body, because they can.

Have fear, like Sosanna, of the judgment of God and His punishment and be pleased, rather than committing sin, it is better to endanger your life; but, after you commit sin, have hope, like David did, to the great merclO J of God, and you will be forgiven.

David was forgiven after committing adultery and murder; Manassis was forgiven after committing idolatry, the publican was forgiven after committing sin; the harlot was forgiven from her impurities; a thief was forgiven after committing many sins, and [even the same people that crucified Christ would have been [also] forgiven, if they only wished to repent.

The other [one], Judas, was not forgiven, hanged his miserable body from a branch, and submitted his soul to eternal Hell. But, why did Peter receive so much grace and Judas appears to be so unworthy? What did this miserable man have to do, but did not do? Should he have confessed his mistake? He confessed and openly said that he erred, “HllapioV napa1Jmi s aillo. This is what you ought to do. This is the way it is done, and whoever says the opposite is excluded from the Church, and he is a modernist [Try to] think of two things, please.

Or, [should they not buy] a house to generate [some] profit? Instead of a piece of land for the burial of foreigners, that produces neither fruit nor profits, since it can neither be cultivated, nor rented. It is a mystery! It becomes [instead] a miserable place, and does ‘ os or, “errors Ka:muaov, se, Judas was punished both physically and spiritually; and how did the miserable die?

He stood inside Kaifas’ yard, and kept himself warm; he denied [Christ] three times! IWV,,,nl He gave him the highest Apostolic authority and honor. Such a confession may be external, and like that of Judas, totally vain and futile. As I have explained, confession is based on this: to do what Peter did. And come out not just with your body, but also with your mind and your soul; “E: dBwv i: w.

That means English translation: “Feed my sheep, take care of my flock. If you have an enmity with someone, forgive him from the bottom of your heart: if you have something that does not belong to you. Moreover, accuse yourself; abolish your tirst sins and decide never to commit them again.

With such disposition and preparation go to the spiritual father to confess. Both, Adam and were led fiom Paradise taking with them the ‘divine curse’ So, a Christian man or woman go to confession, [and are] questioned be the spiritual father Adam.

It is a sharne a scandal to discuss what we hear today during confession. What is your pretense, Christian? But listen and beware In the old times, v.. Potamios, the inner voice would tell hint from one side, what do HI- Psalm j,a. And from the other side, the contrition would ask him: what are you still waiting for to do what you decided to do?

Remember that you are a bishop and you will give to people a great scandal. Remember that you are a bishop and that you and you ought to give people a great example. Potamios, think, and do not waist time. Distress won, and shame fell aside; and Potamios stood-up fi’om his throne and said together with David, in the middle of the Synod and in front of everybody, he openly confessed his sin: “T11v And times, you saw this example.

No, brother; do not be ashamed to courageously confess your sins, without [any] excuses; say that no one other than -your own bad choice was the cause of.

A sin that is confessed is not a sin anymore “G.. E: KiJpw; T’ll’ u. Good eye [on the other hand] means to be discerning, distinguishing persons; the rich should get canons such as charity, the poor [should get canons] with bows, the strong [should get canons] with fasting, the weak [should get canons] with prayer.

Thus, first, I repeat, you ought to exercise the canon that the father confessor gave to you; second, you ought to correct you life: otherwise, what you did was nCJt confession, but rather waist of words, says Basil the Great: ” hal’ Til:; EC:0llo. Because, jf you do not forgive, you can not be forgiven; this is Christ’s decision; “f.

Themistocles and Aristides, the Athenians, hated and disagreed with each other; the country honored them as ambassadors for a necessary issue, so they had to agree [amongst themselves]. Then Aristides said to Themistocles: do you want to leave our English translation: “a silenced sin is a feslering illness in the soul.

The same is what two Christians, who disagree on everything and hate each other greatly, do, when the time comes for them to confess, they leave the enmity [behind]. But where? At the doorstep of the church; They receive communion together, forgiving each other, and again, when they exit from the church, they pick up their enmity exactly where they left, and they are enemies again, like before. Do you think that this was confession? Another [example]; say that you have a friendship and love for some people; leave her forever, deny her forever; because you can not have the same love for the prostitute and for God.

A philosopher went once on a boat- trip, but he encountered a terTible stonn and was in danger of drowning; strangely enough, he survived; he returned to his home; and because he could see the sea from one of the windows [of his house], he build a wall there, so that, by [not] seeing through it, he would not be tempted to travel again. Oh, Christian! How many times have you been in danger of loosing your life and your soul to that bitter love, and you were saved? Avoid temptation, do not cross that road again, do not go through that door again, do not look through that window again, shut your eyes tight, so that the snake can never again cross into your heart.

Otherwise, what you did was not confession, but rather, it was waste of words. The other; you have in your hands something that does not belong to you? Did you do wrong against someone? No’ The knot of injustice can not be undone.

A married man passed away; God wished to perform a miracle, and he brought him back to life: his wife still wants him as husband, but he does not want her [as wife], and they both come under the Church’s judgement.

Leaders of the Church, Spiritual Fathers, you who govern the souls of people, what do you think? What do you decide? Is that man obligated to take his first wife back, or is he free [to do as he wishesp The theologians believe that he is a free man; his duty was to have her [as his lawfully wedded wife]. He came back to life; but this is another life; this is as if he was born again from his mother’s womb; and when one is born, he is born free.

Another man died who took something that belonged to a poor man. God decided to perform a miracle again and brought him back to life, also. The poor man comes [to him] and asks for his [missing] thing; the other one refuses to give it back: they come to a crisis And I ask [you] again, is that unfair man obligated to return the stolen item, or not? The same theologians say that yes ‘ he is obligated to return the stolen item], because this is an obligation of the soul, that remains as long as the soul lives; the soul is immortal, thus the duty is eternal; it is his obligation to return the stolen items, both, during his lifetime and after his death and until the time of the Future Judgment.

Did he die? He is still obligated. Was he resurrected? He has [still the] obligation [to return the stolen items].

Even if he dies and returns to life a thousand times, this is always an indispensable obligation. He appointed as His trustee the father confessor. But if the Ten Commandments are God’s Word and can not be discredited. First, before you go to the spiritual father, examine your consciousness; second, when you arc with the spiritual father, confess without shame or pretense; and third, when you leave from the spiritual father, correct yourself, practice your canon, forgive your enemy, leave yt,ur evil lusts, pay for your injustices, and [only] then you arc truly and completely forgiven, and [only] then does the speechless and deaf spirit go away.

Holy Sprit, please help us all with your divine grace. I reply to you [as follm’vs 1 A man of good manners asked Oioi.! Whether young or old, one should confess right av. As long as they are certain that they can live. But what kind of certainty can one have for a life that is constantly exposed to danger? If 1 repent, God promised me forgiveness: but God did not promise me [that I will have] tomorrow to repent.

God, moreover. When does one have to confess’ The soonest pmsible time! I expect one think to happen, but something else happens. Allow me to finish this homily with a myth. There was a deer that was blind from one eye: one day. So, then, I should have the healthy eye toward the land.

I fear that the wound will come from one side. With whaf ‘With contlssion. As soon as possible. He said 10 paraly1ic Son. Fellmv Christians. Think of how it seems to [your] benefactor and Father God. And you agree with these people. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. He neglected to consider the fact that dozens of other people knew Venice even better than Mr.

Howells, perhaps, but could never have written “Venetian Life. Laurence Raw. I published the book on behalf of the British Council during Nina Ergin Macaraig. Thomas F Madden. Ezgi Dikici. This thesis examines the architectural works commissioned by Ottoman court eunuchs between the fifteenth and the eighteenth century, with special focus on Istanbul.

As the first study that attempts to evaluate the collective behavior of Ottoman court eunuchs as patrons of architecture, it endeavors to chart particular patterns, trends, similarities, and differences among the works of eunuchs in terms of choice of architectural type, location, size, inscriptions, and decorative elements. Contextualizing individual projects within a historical narrative of eunuch patronage, it explores how the eunuchs’ architectural output related to their identities, status, and power, as well as to the conceptions of propriety that informed building commissions.

This thesis highlights a hitherto poorly studied part of the history of Ottoman court eunuchs, as it brings to the fore the white eunuch patrons who dominated the period before institutional change in the late sixteenth century allowed the chief black eunuch to emerge as an important figure in court politics.

It is argued that the Ottoman court eunuch patronage had two main veins, one dominated by white eunuchs and the other by the chief black eunuch, two distinct eunuch identities which differ from one another on the basis of not only race, but also social origins, employment patterns, career prospects, and probably gender identities. Federica A. Marc David Baer. Ayse Naz Bulamur. King K. Paolo Girardelli. Biuletyn Historii Sztuki, Vol.

LXXV, No. Jens Hanssen. Sami Abadan. Tages Gekatoff. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Related Papers. The Image of the Turk in Western Literature Istanbul: Ajansfa There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.

He accordingly read, as every good English-speaking Venetian does, Mr. How- ells’s “Venetian Life. Howells knew Venice. Why shouldn’t I write a Constantinople Life ‘? Howells, per- haps, but could never have written “Venetian Life. He went back, in the course of time, to Constantinople, with no other intent than to produce his imitation of Mr. And the reader will doubtless smile at the remoteness of resemblance between that perfect httle book and this big one. Aside, however, from the primary difference between two pens, circumstances further intervened to deflect this book from its original aspiration.

As the writer made acquaintance with in the field, his predecessors he was struck by the fact that Constantinople, in com- parison with Venice and I know not how many other cities, and particularly that Turkish Constantinople, has been wonderfully httle “exploited” — at least in our generation and by users of our language. He therefore turned much of his attention to its commoner aspects — which Mr. Howells inVenice felt, very happily, under no obhgation to do.

And soon after his re- turn there took place the revolution of , whose various consequences have attracted so much of inter- national notice during the last five years. It was but natural that events so moving should find some reflection in the pages of an avowed impressionist. Incidentally, however, it has come about that the Constantinople of this book is a Constantinople in transition. The first chapter to be written was the one called “A Turkish Village.

I therefore leave it practically un- touched, as a record of the old Constantinople of which I happened to see the last. And as years go by much of the rest of the book can only have a similar documen- tary reference. At the same timehave tried to catch an atmosphere I of Constantinople that change does not affect and to point out certain things of permanent interest as in — the chapters on mosque yards, gardens, and fountains, as well as in numerous references to the old Turkish house.

Being neither a Byzantinist nor an Orientalist, and, withal, no expert in questions of art, I realise that the true expert will find much to take exception to. More- over, I have unexpectedly been obhged to correct my proofs in another country, far from books and from the friends who might have helped to save my face before the critic. I shall welcome his attacks, however, if a little more interest be thereby awakened in a place and a people of which the outside world entertains the vaguest ideas.

In this book, as in the Hst of books at its end, I have attempted to do no more than to suggest. Of the list in question I am the first to acknowledge that it is in no proper sense a bibliography.

I hardly need say that it does not begin to be complete. If it did it would fill more pages than the volume it belongs to. It con- tains almost no original sources and it gives none of the detailed and classified information which a bibfiography should. It is merely what I call it, a Hst of books, of more popular interest, in the languages more commonly read by Anglo-Saxons, relating to the two great periods of Constantinople and various phases of the history and art of each, together with a few better-known works of general literature.

I must add a word with regard to the speUing of the Turkish names and words which occur in these pages. The great difficulty of rendering in Enghsh the sound of foreign words is that Enghsh, hke Turkish, does not spell itself. For that reason, and because whatever in- terest this book may have will be of a general rather than of a speciahsed kind, I have ventured to deviate a Kttle from the logical system of the Royal Geographical Society.

I have not done so with regard to consonants, which have the same value as in Enghsh, with the ex- ception that g is always hard and 5 is never pronounced hke z. Y, as I use it, is half a consonant, as in yes. As for the other vowels, they are to be pronounced in general as in the Conti- nental languages. But many newspaper readers might be surprised to learn that the town where the Bulgarians gained their initial success during the Balkan war was not Kirk Kihss, and that the second syllable of the first name of the late Mahmud Shefket Pasha did not rhyme with bud.

I therefore weakly pander to the Anglo- Saxon eye by tagging a final e with an admonitory h, and I illogically fall back on the French ou — or that of our own word through. There is another vowel sound in Turkish which the general reader will probably give up in despair. This is uttered with the teeth close together and the tongue near the roof of the mouth, and is very much Kke the pronunciation we give to the last syllable of words ending in tion or to the n’t in needn’t.

It is generally rendered in foreign languages by i and some- times in Enghsh by the u of sun. Neither really ex- presses it, however, nor does any other letter in the Roman alphabet. I have therefore chosen to indicate it by i, chiefly because the circumflex suggests a dif- ference. For the reader’s further guidance in pronuncia- tion I will give him the rough-and-ready rule that all Turkish words are accented on the last syllable.

But this does not invariably hold, particularly with double vowels — as in the name Hiissein, or the word serai, pal- ace. Our commona and i, as in lake and like, are really similar double vowel sounds, similarly accented on the first.

The same rules of pronunciation, though not of accent, apply to the few Greek words I have had occa- sion to use.

I have made no attempt to transliterate them. Stamboul I continue so to call, though to the Turks something more like Istambol; and it is words like bey, caique, and sultan have long since been naturalised in the West. I have made an exception, however, with regard to Turkish personal names, and in mentioning the reigning Sultan or his great ancestor, the Conqueror, I have followed not the European but the Turkish usage, which reserves the form Mohammed for the Prophet alone.

This is not a book of learning, but I have required a great deal of help in putting it together, and I cannot close this prefatory note without acknowledging my in- debtedness to more kind friends than I have space to name.

Most of all I owe to Mr. Burlingame, of Scribner’s Magazine, and to my father. Dwight, without whose encouragement, moral and material, during many months, I could never have afforded the luxury of writing a book. I am also under obligation to their Excellencies, J. Leishman, O. Straus, and W. Rockhill, American ambassadors to the Porte, and especially to the last, for cards of admis- sion, letters of introduction, and other facilities for col- lecting material. Among many others who have taken the trouble to give me assistance of one kind or another I particularly wish to express my acknowledgments to Arthur Baker, Esq.

Christophoros, Bishop of Pera; to F. Mortimer Clapp, Esq. Panayotti D. Otterson, Esq. Arshag to E. Roth, Esq. My thanks are also due to the editors of the Atlantic Monthly, of Scribner’s Magazine, and of the Spectator, for allowing me to repubhsh those chapters which orig- inally came out in their periodicals. And I am not least grateful to the publishers for permitting me to change the scheme of my book while in preparation, and to sub- stitute new illustrations for a large number that had al- ready been made.

Hamadan, 6th Sefer, Roth Divan Yolou 9 A house in Eyoub But what was my astonishment, and I may add mor- tification, on beholding, for the first time, this magnificent city I had! Nothing did I ever con- ceive could equal the extent of my native place; but here my eyes became tired with wandering over the numerous hills and creeks thickly covered with buildings, which seemed to bid defiance to calculation. If Ispahan was half the world, this indeed was the whole.

And then this gem of cities possesses this great advantage over Ispahan, that it is situated on the borders of a beautiful succession of waters, instead of being surrounded by arid and craggy mountains; and, in addition to its own extent and beauty, enjoys the advantage of being reflected in one never-failing mirror, ever at hand to multiply them. No one is better aware of the necessity of such a law than the present scribe, as he struggles with the temptation to declare anew that there are two races of men.

Where, for instance, do they betray themselves more perfectly than in Stam- boul? You Hke Stamboul or you dislike Stamboul, and there seems to be no half-way ground between the two opinions. I notice, however, that conversion from the latter rank to the former is not impossible. I cannot say that I ever really belonged, myself, to the enemies of Stamboul. Stamboul entered too early into my con- sciousness and I was too early separated from her to ask myself questions; and it later happened to me to fall under a potent spell.

And I reahsed to whathad been trending when it at last we entered a breach of the old Byzantine wall and whistled through a long seaside quarter of wooden houses more tumble-down and unpainted than I remem- bered wooden houses could be, and dusty little gardens, and glimpses of a wide blue water through ruinous ma- sonry, and people as out-at-elbow and down-at-the-heel as their houses, who even at that shining hour of a sum- mer morning found time to smoke hubble-bubbles in tipsy httle coffee-houses above the Marmora or to squat motionless on their heels beside the track and watch the fire-carriage of the unbehever roll in from the West.

I have never forgotten — nor do successive experiences seem to dull the sharpness of the impression that — abysmal drop from the general European level of spruce- ness and sohdity. Yet Stamboul, if you belong to the same race of men as I, has a way of rehabilitating her- self in your eyes, perhaps even of making you adopt her point of view.

Not that I shall try to gloss over her case. Stamboul not for the race of men that is must have trimness, smoothness, regularity, and mod- ern conveniences, and the latest amusements. She has ambitions in that direction. I may live to see her at- tain them. I have aheady Hved to see half of the Stam- boul once knew burn to the ground and the other I half experiment in Haussmannising. But there is still enough of the old Stamboul left to leaven the new.

It is very bumpy to drive over. It is ill-painted and out of repair. It is somewhat intermittently served by the scavenger. What he knows is the fountain or the cofTee-house near which he lives, and the quarter in which both are situ- ated, named perhaps Coral, or Thick Beard, or Eats No Meati or Sees Not Day; and it remains for you to find that quarter and that fountain.

The colour of Constantinople is a compromise, therefore, and not always a successful one, between north and south. While the sun shines for half the year, and summer rain is an exception, there is something hard and un- suffused about the light. Only on certain days of south wind are you reminded of the Mediterranean, and more rarely still of the autumn Adriatic. As for the town itself, it is no white southern city, being in tone one of the soberest.

I could never bring myself, as some writers do, to speak of silvery domes. It is only the lesser min- arets that are white; and here and there on some lifted pinnacle a small half-moon makes a flash of gold. While the high lights of Stamboul, then, are grey, this stone Stamboul is small in proportion to the darker Stamboul that fills the wide interstices between the mosques a — Stamboul of weathered wood that is just the colour of an etching. It has always seemed to me, indeed, that Stamboul, above all other cities I know, waits to be etched.

Those fine lines of dome and minaret are for copper rather than canvas, while those crowded houses need the acid to bring out the richness of their shadows. Stamboul has waited a long time.

Besides Frank Brangwyn and E. Roth, I know of no etcher who has tried his needle there. And neither of those two has done what I could imagine Whistler doing — a Long Stamboul as seen from the opposite shore of the Golden Horn. When the archaeologists tefl you that Constan- tinople, like Rome, is built on seven hills, don’t believe them. They are merely riding a hobby-horse so an- cient that I, for one, am ashamed to mount it.

But I find it hard to believe that the city of Constantine and Justinian can have marked so noble an outline against the sky as the city of the sultans. Of the many voyagers who have celebrated the pan- orama of Constantinople, not a few have recorded their disappointment on coming to closer acquaintance.

De gusdbus I have small respect, however, for the taste of those who find that the mosques will not bear inspection. I shall presently have something more par- ticular to say in that matter. But since I am now speak- ing of the general aspects of Stamboul I can hardly pass over the part played by the mosques and their depen- dencies. A grey dome, a white minaret, a black cypress — that is the group which, recurring in every possible composition, makes up so much of the colour of the streets.

On the monumental scale of the imperial mosques it ranks among the supreme a architectural effects. On smaller scale never lacks charm. One element of this it charm is so simple that I wonder it has not been more widely imitated. Almost every mosque is enclosed by a wall, sometimes of smooth ashler with a pointed coping, sometimes of plastered cobblestones tiled at the top, often with snapdragon and camomile daisies.

For he knew, the crafty man, that a grille or a lattice is always pleasant to look through, and that it somehow lends interest to the barest prospect. There hardly a street of Stamboul in which some is such window does not give a glimpse into the peace and gravity of the East.

Even Divan Yolou, the Street of the Council, which is the principal avenue of Stamboul, owes much of its character to the tombs and patches of cemetery that border it.

Until very re- cently they were all built of wood, and they all burned down ever so often. Consequently Stamboul has begun to rebuild herself in brickand concrete. I shall not com- plain of it, admit that it is not well for Stamboul to for I continue burning down. I also admit that Stamboul must modernise some of her habits. It is a matter of the greatest urgency if Stamboul wishes to continue to exist. Yet I am sorry to have the old wooden house of Stamboul disappear.

It is not merely that I am a fa- natic in things of other times. That house is, at its best, so expressive a piece of architecture, it is so simple and so dignified inits hues, it contains so much wisdom for the modern decorator, that I am sorry for it to disappear and leave no report of itself.

They are descended, I suppose, from the old Byzantine houses. The windows in general make up a great part of the character of the house, so big and so numerous are they. They are all latticed, unless Chris- tians happen to live in the house; but above the lattices is sometimes a second tier of windows, for light, whose small round or oval panes are decoratively set in broad white mullions of plaster. For the most original part of its effect, however, the house counts on its upper storey, which juts out over the street on stout timbers curved like thebow of a ship.

Sometimes these corbels balance each other right and left of the centre of the house, which may be rounded on the principle of a New York “swell front,” only more gracefully, and occasionally a third storey leans out beyond the second. This arrangement gives more space to the upper floors than the ground it- self affords and also assures a better view.

Under them was stencilled of old an Arabic in- vocation, which more rarely decorated a blue-and-white tile and which nowadays is generally printed on paper and framed hke a picture — “O Protector,” “O Con- queror,” “O Proprietor of Property.

The inside of the house is almost as simple as the outside — orused to be before Europe infected it. A it great entrance hall, paved with marble, runs through the house from street to garden, for almost no house in Stam- boul lacks its patch of green; and branching or double stairways lead to the upper regions. The rooms opening out on either hand contain almost no furniture. Of real wood- carving there is practically none, though the doors are panelled in great variety and the principle of the lattice is much usjed.

Of wall space there is mercifully very little, windows for the crowd so closely together that there is no room to put anything between them, and the view is consciously made the chief ornament of the room. Still, on the inner walls The house of the pipe may hang a text or two, written by or copied from some great calligraphist. The art of forming beautiful letters has been carried to great perfection by the Turks, who do not admit — or who until recently did not admit — any representation of living forms.

To paint a portrait of him would contravene all the tradi- tions of the cult; but there exists a famous description of him which sometimes written in a circle, as it were is the outline of a head, on an illuminated panel. However, I did not start out to describe the interior of Stamboul, of which I know as Kttle as any man. That, indeed, is one element of the charm of Stamboul — the sense of reserve, of impenetrability, that pervades its Turkish quarters.

The lattices of the windows, the veils of the women, the high garden walls, the gravity and per- fect quiet of the streets at night, all contribute to that sense.

And so into Stamboul we all go as outsiders. Yet there are aspects of Stamboul which are not so inaccessible. Stamboul at work, Stamboul as a market-place, is a Stamboul which welcomes the intruder — albeit with her customary gravity: if a man buttonholes you in the street and in- sists that you look at his wares you may be sure that he is no Turk. This is also a Stamboul which has never been, which never can be, sufficiently celebrated. The Bazaars, to be sure, figure in all the books of travel, and are visited by every one; but they are rather sighed over nowadays, as having lost a former glory.

I do not sigh over them, myself. I consider that by its very arrange- ment the Grand Bazaar possesses an interest which can never disappear. It is a sort of vast department store, on one floor though not on one level, whose cobbled aisles wander up hill and down dale, and are vaulted soHdIy over with stone. And in old times, before the shops or costumes of Pera were, and when the beau monde came here to buy, a wonderful department store it must have been.

In our economic days there may be less splendour, but there can hardly be less fife; and if Manchester prints now largely take the place of Broussa silk and Scutari velvet, they have just as much colour for the modern impressionist. They also contribute to the essen- tial colour of Constantinople, which is neither Asiatic nor European, but a mingfing of both.

A last fragment of old Stamboul is walled in the heart of this maze, a square enclosure of deeper twifight which is called the Bezesten. Be that as it may, they still dress in robe and turban, and they keep shorter hours than their brethren of the outer bazaar. They sit at the receipt of custom, not in shops but on continuous platforms, grave old men to whom it is apparently one whether you come or go, each before his own shelf and cupboard inlaid with mother-of-pearl; and they deal only in old things.

I do not call them antiques, though such things may still be picked up — for their price — in the Bezesten and out of it, and though the word is often on the lips of the old men. I will say for them, however, that on their lips it merely means something exceptional of its kind. They could recommend you an egg or a spring Iamb no more highly than by call- ing it antika. At any rate, the Bezesten is almost a little too good to be true. It might have been arranged by some Gerome who studied the exact effect of dusty shafts of light striking down from high windows on the most picturesque confusion of old things — stuffs, arms, rugs, brasses, porcelain, jewelry, odds and ends of silver, bric-a-brac.

Perhaps it is for this reason that the sale is often made by a third party. The referee, having first obtained the consent of the principals to abide by his decision — “Have you content? Or else he takes a hand of each between both of his own and names the price as he shakes the hands up and down, the others crying out: “Aman! Do not scorch me! As communications become easier the buyers go more and more to the headquarters of rug-making, so that Constantinople will not remain indefinitely what it is now, the greatest rug market in the world.

The more important, from an archi- tectural point of view, is called Missir Charshi, Corn or Egyptian Market, though Europeans know it as the Spice Bazaar. It consists of two vaulted stone streets that cross each other at right angles. It was so badly damaged in the earthquake of that many of its original tenants moved away, giving place to stuffy quilt and upholstery men.

I hope it will not disappear, however, before some etcher has caught the duskiness of its branching curve, with squares of sky irregularly spaced among the wooden rafters, and corresponding squares of light on the cobblestones below, and a dark side corridor or two running down to a bright perspec- tive of water and ships. All sorts of nuts and dried fruits are sold there, in odd company with candles and the white ribbons and artificial flowers without which no Greek or Armenian can be properly married.

This whole quarter is one of niarkets, and some of them were old in Byzantine times. The fish market, one of the richest in the world, is here. The vegetable market is here, too, at the head of the outer bridge, where it can be fed by the boats of the Marmora. And all night long horse bells jingle through the city, bring- ing produce which is sold in the pubHc square in the small hours of the morning.

Provisions of other kinds, some of them strange to behold and stranger to smell, are to be had in the same region. In the purlieus of Yeni Jami, too, may be admired at its season a kind of market which is a specialty of Constantinople. The better part of it is installed in the mosque yard, where cloth and girdles and shoes and other commodities meet for the raiment of man and woman are sold under awn- ings or big canvas umbrellas.

Some of these are hotels, where comers from afar camp out in tiers of stone galleries about an open court. Others are places of business or of stor- age, and, as the latter, are more properly known by the name kapan. The old Fontego or Fondaco dei Turchi in Venice, and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, are built on the same plan and originally served the same purpose.

The Itahan word fondaco comes from the Arabic Jindik, which in turn was derived from the vavSoxelov of Con- stantinople. But whether any of these old stone build- ings might trace a Byzantine or Venetian ancestry I cannot say. The habit of Stamboul to burn up once in so often made them very necessary, and in spite of the changes that have taken place in business methods they are still largely used. And all about them are the headquarters of crafts — wood-turning, basket-mak- ing, amber-cutting, brass-beating — in alleys which are highly profitable to explore.

It was never planted for the profit of its fruit.

❿

Windows 10 1703 download iso italianos humble definition – windows 10 1703 download iso italianos hu

Understanding the non-pain phases of migraine will lead to be a better formulation of the pathophysiology of migraine and eventually to better treatment. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Pathophysiology of Migraine- A disorder of sensory processing.

Physiological Reviews. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Premonitory symptoms of migraine in childhood and adolescence. Current Pain and Headache Reports. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin triggered migraine attacks. The migraine postdrome. An electronic diary study. Neurology Minneap. The project took the form of surveys by structured questionnaire, conducted from November to August Unadjusted lifetime prevalence of any headache was Gender-adjusted 1-year prevalences were Personal impact was high, and included ictal symptom burden, interictal burden, cumulative burden and impact on others partners and children.

We confirmed that depression and especially anxiety are comorbid more than by chance with migraine. The level of this impact and its pervasiveness taken together with estimates of huge financial cost, have important implications for health policy in Europe. Eurolight should proceed with focusing on cluster headache and headache in the elderly. Background : Despite the very high prevalence of headaches, multidisciplinary headache clinics are still few and better documentation of their content and efficacy is needed.

Objective : To describe the structure of a multidisciplinary approach and to characterize the patients and treatment results from existing centres. Further to describe the proposed organization of headache care in Europe. At this level headache specialists and a multidisciplinary team should conduct more complex treatment, initiate research and education.

The composition of the multidisciplinary team may vary, however and here there is no international consensus. Most centres include nurses, psychologists and in some countries also sports-therapists or physiotherapists.

A systematic review of patients from the tertiary Danish Headache Centre revealed that patients had a mean age of In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.

Conclusion : Treatments strategies to the complicated headache patients need individualization but the present evidence provide hope for the patients and a strong support for a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary headache centre. The existing treatment strategies will be presented. Further discussion and evaluation of the elements and the outcome predictors are important for future planning.

Migraine is a common debilitating brain disorder characterized by severe headache attacks with various associated neurological symptoms. About one-third of migraine patients experience an aura preceding the headache phase: hence migraine with and without aura. Many migraine patients also suffer from comorbid neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, depression and stroke. Migraine is a genetic disease with both environmental and genetic factors determining the susceptibility to attacks.

Recent technological advances in genetic analysis, which allowed simultaneous testing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in tens of thousands of migraine patients in genome-wide association studies GWAS , made it feasible to identify robust gene variants for the common forms of migraine. Whereas GWAS performed in various migraine subtypes yielded different top hits for the different subtypes, additional analyses seem to point to a shared genetic underpinning in migraine.

Identified gene variants point towards various molecular pathways, e. GWAS data sets, to some extent, can also been used to identify the type of brain cell involved in pathology. GWAS also enable the identification of shared genetic factors for diseases comorbid with migraine. Unlike gene mutations in monogenic migraine subtypes, the effect size of gene variants in common migraine is small, thus complicating direct translation to diagnostic tests, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment targets.

Research has devised various techniques for investigating nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory pathways in patients with neuropathic pain. The most widely agreed tools in use today include neurophysiological techniques and skin biopsy.

Laser Evoked Potentials LEPs are the easiest and most reliable neurophysiological technique for assessing nociceptive pathway function. In diseases associated with nociceptive-pathway damage, LEPs can be absent, reduced in amplitude or delayed in latency. Skin biopsy is a reliable and minimally invasive tool for investigation of nociceptive fibres in human epidermis and dermis.

Researchers have used this technique for assessing epidermal nerve fibres qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin biopsy can be done at any site of the body, with a disposable punch, using a sterile technique, and under local anaesthesia. Many investigators have used skin biopsy to investigate epidermal nerve fibres in various peripheral nerve diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, infectious and inflammatory neuropathies and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases.

In all studies, epidermal nerve fibre density was significantly lower in patients with neuropathy than in controls. Patients suffering from chronic headaches challange health care systems.

A proportion of chronic headache patients does not properly respond to prophylactic treatments or shows low tolerability profile and remains in need for alternative therapeutic strategies and options. The improved understanding of head pain pathophysiology has focused attention on the role of neural structures both at peripheral and central nervous system level.

So far, efficacy and safety of various non-invasive and invasive stimulation procedures and devices have been investigated.

Vagus nerve stimulation, supraorbital stimulation and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are considered non invasive neurostimulation options. While invasive procedures are occipital nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. Years after their introduction there is still debate about their use and place in clinical practice.

Results from open label series and few controlled trials suggest the need of further investigations. Criteria employed to define intractable headaches were given more than ten years ago 1. An ad hoc European Headache Federation expert board has reviewed these aspects 2. A still unsolved issue is the lack of adequate placebo to properly design randomized controlled trials in neurostimulation studies. In patients with chronic pain conditions interpretation of placebo effect is a challange particularly for headache specialists.

In chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache patients occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities is frequently encountered. Also, occurrence of medication overuse headache — seen as an addiction behavior – is frequently observed both in chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache.

These factors are often a barrier when selecting patients for neurostimulation procedures. Long term experience with deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in chronic cluster headache has suggested that the generator of the attacks is not there 3.

Similarly other neurostimulation procedures tried in migraine and cluster headache have shown poor, unsatisfactory ability to stop ongoing attacks. Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials.

Cephalalgia ; — Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. Success, failure and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug resistant chronic cluster headache. Pain ; 1 : An underlying concept in the new ICHD-3 classification of trigeminal neuralgia is the postulation that clinical presentations matter because they reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Previous attempts to establish the connection between the two have yielded uncertain results as the authors have paid limited attention to individual clinical symptoms and signs.

Yet, the relatively strict criteria for trigeminal neuralgia and its subgroups yield homogenous populations that allow advantage to be taken of the advances in neurophysiological and imaging methods. It is now possible to conduct subgroup-specific pathophysiological studies aimed at biomarkers that pave the way for precision diagnosis of TN and individualised therapy.

An example of how this might be done comes from recent studies based on sensory profiling of peripheral neuropathic pain. In a large group of patients with three different diagnoses, cluster analysis of detailed sensory testing revealed three main sensory phenotypes [1], with the potential to allocate individual patients to these sensory groups [2]. In my presentation I will suggest a pathway as to how to accomplish this. I will start by arguing that the existing data are sufficient to recommend preferred treatment in selected cases.

I will then highlight a number of clinically relevant research questions that can be answered by large-population multi-centre studies applying established methods ranging from QST and evoked potentials to structural and functional neuroimaging of the trigeminal system and linking them with clinical signs and symptoms.

Alongside this, I will discuss the challenges of phenotype profiling that could guide pharmacotherapy with, e. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain ; Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations.

Mild head injury is associated with good recovery in most patients, but with a small risk of poor outcomes. Headache is the most common complication that occurs as an isolated symptom or can be a part of the post-concussion syndrome which can also include dizziness, fatigue, reduced ability to concentrate, psychomotor slowing, mild memory problems, insomnia, anxiety, personality changes and irritability Following head injuries, children may develop headache for the first time or have their previously experienced headache getting worse in severity or frequency.

Post head injury headache is referred to as acute posttraumatic headache if it evolves within one week of the injury and resolves within 3 months and it is called chronic posttraumatic headache CPTH if it persisted for over 3 months. The pathophysiology of posttraumatic headache is not well understood, but likely to involve several mechanisms and factors.

It is suggested that even minor head injury may cause a widespread stretching or shearing injuries to the axonal network. Psychosocial factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CPTH.

The clinical features of CPTH are similar to primary headache disorders phenotypes with the majority of children presenting with migraine-like headache and probable tension-type headache. Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders. In the majority of children no investigations are necessary.

However, neuroimaging and other investigations may be necessary in children with red flags or abnormal findings on neurological examination. The management of children with CPTH should include reassurances, adequate pain relief and preventative treatment as appropriate. Multidisciplinary approach is necessary and should include support from clinical psychology and education to help the child achieve normal school attendance and education.

The interaction between enzyme inductive antiepileptics EiAED like carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, rufinamide, lamotrigine, topiramate and COCs is well-known.

Therefore, while taking this medication, the risk of contraceptive failure is quite high. The mechanism of action of enzyme-inductors is to modify the metabolism of the sexual steroids in the liver. Moreover, ethinylestradiol EE might modify the metabolism of certain antiepileptic drugs glucuronization of lamotrigine. Therefore, the gynaecologist has to be careful when prescribing the pill or administering other types of hormonal contraceptives for WWE.

Knowing the interaction between antiepileptics and contraceptives is important to find the most effective medication with fewer side effects.

Nowadays, women with epilepsy do not always get the right information; thus, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and consultation between the epileptologist and the gynaecologist. The information is also needed even if the patient is sexually inactive.

Migraine is a complex neuronal disorder where the cortex has a key importance and characteristic headache attack is associated with multiple sensorial disturbances. A cerebral cortical phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression CSD was linked to lateralized headache.

CSD is an intrinsic brain phenomenon to a noxious stimulus such as high potassium or trauma, and manifests as an extreme excitability state of the gray matter with massive depolarization of neuronal and glial membranes and redistribution of ions.

Propagating depolarization in the brain parenchyma leads to a release of various vasoactive and nociceptive ions and molecules. Vascular compartment reacts with initial hyperemia followed by long-term oligemia.

It occurs in many species from rodents to primates, though it is hard to initiate and sustain its propagation in gyrencephalic brains. Spreading depression wave involves neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and leads remarkable effects on those compartments and overlying meningeal membranes with capability of triggering peripheral trigeminal fibers and second order trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus, though its effect on subcortical structures are less known.

CSD is implicated in the development of inflammatory response and releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings. Animal studies investigating the mechanisms of migraine and CSD are usually conducted under anesthesia, despite the fact that pain is a conscious experience. Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response. Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research.

Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex. Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrated the direct propagation of CSD waves in to thalamic reticular nucleus.

It was dependent on full conscious experience and highly vulnerable to anesthetics. MK did not exert any effect on CSD induced amygdala activation and anxiety behavior.

TRN is also involved in discrimination of sensory stimulus and transient disruption of sensorial perception during migraine headache attacks was reported Boran et al, Involvement of a strategic subcortical thalamic structure by a cortical event is important to explain several clinical features of migraine such as 1 Dysfunction of the GABAergic neurons in TRN would result in enhanced transmission of sensory information to the cortex and disruption of sensory discrimination 2 Photophobia and visual hallucinations of aura may reflect dysregulation of visual stimuli by the TRN, 3 TRN could play a role in either termination or initiation of an attack as sleep is closely related with migraine, attacks are often associated with the circadian cycle and are typically relieved by sleep, 4 Thalamo-cortical gating could be a novel target in migraine as valproate, triptans and CGRP antagonists MK suppressed CSD induced TRN activation.

More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes.

We will outline and highlight the salient features across disorders that will ensure correct diagnosis. Trigeminal neuralgia TN is a neurological disease which is peculiar under several respects. The diagnosis of TN, in its typical presentation, in unmistakable on clinical grounds alone. Pain manifests with intense bursts that occur and end abruptly and usually last few seconds only. This type of pain is paradigmatic of what pain scholars call paroxysmal pain. The most common verbal descriptors are electric-shock like or stabbing.

Unique to TN is the trigger mechanism. The attacks are evoked by innocuous stimuli in tiny zones of the extra- or intraoral trigeminal territories. The most frequent trigger maneuvers include activities of the daily life such as washing, cleaning, brushing the teeth or talking. Although the trigger zones shared by most patients are confined between the nostril and the lateral perioral region, any area innervated by the trigeminal nerve may do.

One aspect of pathophysiology is supported by established neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and histologic evidence: the primary mechanism is focal demyelination of primary afferents near the entry extra- or intra-axial of the trigeminal root into the pons. A second pathophysiologic theory, admittedly more debatable, is that hyperexcitable primary afferents, in the area of focal demyelination, become a source of ectopic generation of impulses and ephaptic transmission cross talk from close, healthy nerve fibers.

Results will be displayed regarding prevalences of the common headache disorders and their trends over time. Most importantly, the HUNT-survey enables risk factor analyses.

Findings will be reviewed for factors of life such as physical activity, substance use, head traumas, insomnia, and mortality. Finally, associations between intracranial abnormalities and headache disorders are now beginning to be published from a neuroimaging sub-study HUNT MRI.

Here, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms and propose plausible hypotheses on the involvement of SD in primary and secondary headache disorders. SD can activate downstream trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways to explain the cephalgia in migraine, and possibly in secondary headache disorders as well.

In healthy, well-nourished tissue such as migraine , the intense transmembrane ionic shifts, the cell swelling, and the metabolic and hemodynamic responses associated with SD do not cause tissue injury; however, when SD occurs in metabolically compromised tissue e. Recent non-invasive technologies to detect SDs in human brain injury may aid in the investigation of SD in headache disorders in which invasive recordings are not possible.

Diagnosis is based on plain brain computed tomography and, if tomogram is normal, on lumbar puncture. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be suspected in anyone with recurrent thunderclap headaches over a few days. Cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and pituitary apoplexy may present with isolated headache and normal physical examination, normal cerebral computed tomography and normal cerebrospinal fluid.

When computed tomography and lumbar puncture are normal, other investigations are needed, including cervical and cerebral vascular imaging and brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Treatment of headaches in the ER should be based on the etiology. The treatment of secondary headaches requires the treatment of the underlying cause and a symptomatic treatment based on intravenous acetaminophen or on opiates depending on the pain intensity. In women migraine prevalence peaks during reproductive years. Menstruation is a significant risk factor for migraine with attacks most likely to occur between 2 days before the onset of menstruation and the first three days of bleeding.

The pathophysiology of menstrual attacks involves estrogen withdrawal and potentially abnormal release of prostaglandins triggered by the end-cycle drop in estrogen level. Reproductive year are the life span during which many women require effective contraception.

Migraine with aura MA and to a lesser extent migraine without aura MO increase the risk for cardiovascular events, especially for stroke. There is a substantial elevation of these risks in migraineurs using combined contraceptive pills COC.

Several clinical trials report improvements in migraine frequency and intensity in users of the progestin-only pill POP with desogestrel 75microgram. Both, inhibition of ovulation and ist continous use contribute to reduce hormone flucutations during ist use. The positive impact of this pill has been shown in MA and MO patients. In women with chronic migraine, the reduction in pain medications used contributes to prevent medication overuse headaches.

The existing nosology of cranial-nerve pains does not fully portray the subtle differences between various conditions. However, rather than abandoning many long-established diagnostic terms, this classification retains them, providing detailed definitions for differential diagnoses and their types, subtypes and subforms.

There are several axes of classification: a syndomology neuralgia vs. The authors of the classification tried to incorporate the existing literature into the IHS classification system. The current version defines the trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuropathy.

Base don the clinical presentation it is further characterised as TN with and without concomitant facial pain indicating pure response to treatment.

The cut-line for distinguishing between an acute and persistent headache is defined to be 3 months: resolution of headache within this period complies with an acute, persistence for the longer time — with a persistent headache.

Headache attributed to the injury to the head is further subclassified based on the severity of preceding trauma.

Probably one of the most debated diagnostic criterions of this chapter is the time of onset of headache after a traumatic event. The architecture of the building would set it apart from those about it, the canons’ houses and other subsidiary structures would not seem unnatural to him, and, though the arrangement of the interior would be foreign, he would probably understand in what manner of place he was — and his religion would permit him to worship there in his own way.

But a modern city church, and particularly an American city church, would offer almost nothing familiar to him. It would, very Hkely, be less monumental in appearance than neighbouring buildings. There would be little or no open space about it. And strangest of all would be the entire absence of life about the place for six days out of seven.

The most active institutional church can never give the sense a mosque does of being a hving organism, an acknowledged focus of life. The larger mosques are open every day and all day, from sunrise to sunset, while even the smallest is accessible for the five daily hours of prayer.

And, what is more, people go to them. Nor do they go to them as New Yorkers sometimes step into a down-town church at noontime, feeling either exceptionally pious or a little uneasy lest some one catch them in the act. By which I do not mean to imply that there are neither dissenters nor sceptics in Islam.

However, I did not set out to compare religions. All I wish is to point out the importance of mosques and their precincts in the picture of Constantinople. Even many a smaller mosque enjoys an amplitude of perspective that might be envied by cathedrals like Chartres, or Cologne, or Milan. These roomy enclosures are surrounded by the windowed walls which I have already celebrated. Within them cypresses are wont to cluster, and plane-trees will- ingly cast their giant shadow.

Gravestones also con- gregate there. And there a centre of hfe is which can never lack interest for the race of men that likes Stam- boul.

Scribes sit under the trees ready to write let- women, and others of the less literate ters for soldiers, sort. Barbers, distinguishable by a brass plate with a nick in it for your chin, are ready to exercise another art upon your person.

Pedlers come and go, selling beads, perfumes, fezzes, and sweets which they carry on their heads in big wooden trays, and drinks which may tempt you less than their brass receptacles.

A more stable commerce is visible in some mosque yards, or on the day of the week when a peripatetic market elects to pitch its tents there; and coffee-houses, of course, abound. Not that there are coffee-houses in every mosque yard. And mosque yard it is, grove- a perfect like with trees and looked upon by a great portico of the time of the Conqueror. There is something both grave and human about mosque yards and coffee-houses both that excellently suits them to each other.

The company has an ecclesiastical tinge. Turbans bob much together and the neighbour- ing fountains of ablution play a part in the scene. I bear witness that Mohammed is the Prophet of God! Hasten to the worship of God! Hasten to permanent blessedness! God is most great! There may be more reverence, per- haps, but people evidently feel very much at home.

Men meet there out of prayer time, and women too, for what looks like, though it may not always be, a sacra con- versazione of the painters.

Students con over their Koran, rocking to and fro on a cushion in front of a little inlaid table. Solitary devotees prostrate themselves in a cor- ner, untroubled by children playing among the pillars or a turbaned professor lecturing, cross-legged, to a cross- legged class in theology. The galleries of some mosques are safety-deposit vaults for their parishioners, and when the parish burns down the parishioners deposit them- selves there too.

After the greater conflagration of the Balkan War thousands of homeless refugees from Thrace and Macedonia camped out for months in the mosques of Stamboul. Even the pigeons that haunt so many mosque yards know that the doors are always open, and are scarcely to be persuaded from taking up their per- manent abode on tiled cornices or among the marble stalactites of capitals.

One thing that makes a mosque look more hospitable than a church is its arrangement. There are no seats or aisles to cut up the floor. The general impression is that of a private interior magnified and dignified. The central object of this open space is the mihrab, a niche pointing toward Mecca. It is usually set in an apse which is raised a step above the level of the nave.

In it is a prayer-rug for the imam, and on each side, in a brass or silver stand- ard, an immense candle, which is lighted only on the seven holy nights of the year and during Ramazan. At the right of the mihrab, as you face it, stands the mimber, a sort of pulpit, at the top of a stairway and covered by a pointed canopy, which is used only for the noon prayer of Friday or on other special occasions.

To the left, and nearer the door, is a smaller pulpit called the kiirsi. This is a big cushioned armchair or throne, reached by a short ladder, where the imam sits to speak on ordinary occasions. There will also be one or more galleries for singers, and in larger mosques, usually at the mihrab end of the left-hand gallery, an imperial trib- une enclosed by grille work and containing its own sacred niche.

The chandeliers are a noticeable feature of every mosque, hanging very low and containing not candles but glass cups of oil with a floating wick. I am afraid, however, that this soft light will be presently turned into electricity. From the chandeliers often hang ostrich eggs — emblems of eternity — and other homely orna- ments. The place of the mosque in the Turkish community is symbolised, like that of the mediaeval cathedral, by its architectural pre-eminence. Mark, however, that Stam- boul has half a dozen cathedrals instead of one.

It would be hard to overestimate how much of the character of Stamboul depends on the domes and minarets that so inimitably accident the heights between the Golden Horn and the Marmora. They form an achieve- ment, to my mind, much greater than the world at large seems to reahse. The easy current dictum that they are Entrance to the forecourt of Sultan Baiezid II merely more or less successful imitations of St.

Sophia takes no account of the evolution— particularly of the central dome — which may be traced through the mosques of Konia, Broussa, and Adrianople, and which reaches its legitimate climax in Stamboul. Yet it would be a Detail of the Siileimanieh mistake to look for all Turkish architecture in Sinan. The mosques of Atik Ali Pasha and of Sultan Baiezid II are there to prove of what mingled simplicity and nobility was capable an obscure architect of an earlier century.

His name is supposed to have been Haireddin, and he, first among the Turks, used the monoHthic shaft and the stalactite capital. Nothing could be better in its way than the forecourt of that mosque, and its inlaid min- arets are unique of their kind. Nor did architecture die with Sinan.

Yeni Jami, looking at Galata along the outer bridge, is witness thereof. The pile of the Siilei- manieh, whose four minarets catch your eye from so many points of the compass, is perhaps more masculine.

But the silhouette of Yeni Jami, that mosque of prin- cesses, has an inimitable grace. The way in which each structural necessity adds to the general effect, the cli- mactic building up of buttress and cupola, the curve of the dome, the proportion of the minarets, could hardly be more perfect. Although brought up in the vociferous tradition of Ruskin, I am so far unfaithful to the creed of my youth as to find pleasure, too, in rococo mosques like Zeineb Sultan, Nouri Osmanieh, and Laleli Jami.

And the present generation, under men like Vedad Bey and the architects of the EvkaJ, are reviving their art in a new and interesting direction. To give any comprehensive account of the mosques of Stamboul would be to write a history of Ottoman archi- tecture, and for that I lack both space and competence.

I may, however, as an irresponsible lounger in mosque yards, touch on one or two characteristic aspects of mosques and their decorationwhich strike a foreigner’s eye. The frescoing or stencilling of domes and other curved interior surfaces, for instance, is an art that has very little been noticed —even by the Turks, judging from the sad estate to which the art has fallen.

Some people might object to calling it an art at all. Let such a one be given a series of domes and vaults to ornament by this simple means, however, and he will find how difficult it is to produce an effect both decorative and dignified. If I were a true behever I could never pray in mosques like Ahmed I or Yeni Jami, because the decorator evidently noticed that the prevailing tone of the tiles was blue and dipped his brush accordingly — into a blue of a different key.

Yet there are domes which prove how fine an art the Turks once made of this half-mechanical decoration. One of the best in Stamboul is in the tomb of the princes, behind the Shah-zadeh mosque.

The stencilling is a charming ara- besque design in black, dark red, pale blue, and orange, perhaps happily toned by time, which a recent restora- tion was wise enough to spare. The tomb of Roxelana and the great tomb beside Yeni Jami also contain a Httle interesting stencilling. But the most complete example of good work of this kind is outside Stamboul, in the Yeni VaHdeh mosque of Scutari. The means used are of the simplest, the colours being merely black and dull red, with a little dull yellow; but the lines are so fine and so sapiently spaced on their broad background of white that the eff”ect is very much that of a Persian shawl.

A study of that ceiling should be made compulsory for every decorator of a mosque —and might yield sugges- tions not a few to his Western cousin.

The windows of mosques are another detail that always interests me. They are rarely very large, but there are a great many of them and they give no dim religious light, making up a great part as they do of the human sunniness of the interior. A first tier of square. These make against the hght a grille of round, oval, or drop-shaped openings which are wonderfully decorative in themselves. The same principle is refined and compHcated into a result more decorative still when the plaster setting forms a complete design of arabesques, flowers, or writing, some- times framing symmetrically spaced circles or quad- rangles, sometimes composing an all-over pattern, and filled in with minute panes of coloured glass.

Here, however, we have the real principle of the Oriental rug. Turkish windows contain no figures at all, nor any of that unhappy attempt at reahsm that mars so much modern glass. The secret of the effect Hes in the smallness of the panes used and the visibiHty of the plaster design in which they are set. And what an effect of jewelry may be produced in this way is to be seen in the Siileimanieh, and Yeni Jami — where two shm cypresses make dehcious panels of green Hght above the mihrab — besides other mosques and tombs of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Mosques are even more notable than private houses for the inscriptions on their walls. Every visitor to St. Sophia remembers the great green medallions bear- ing the names of the chief personages of Islam in letters of gold. In purely Turkish mosques similar medallions may be seen, or large inscriptions stencilled like panels on the white walls, or small texts hanging near the floor. But there is a more architectural use of writing, above doors and windows or in the form of a frieze.

Such in- scriptions are always from the Koran, of course, and they are often happily chosen for the place they oc- cupy. Around the great dome of the Siileimanieh, and lighted by its circle of windows, runs this verse: “God is the light of the heavens and of the earth. His light is like a window in the wall, wherein a lamp burns, cov- ered with glass.

The glass shines like a star. The lamp is kindled from the oil of a blessed tree not of the east, : not of the west, it lights whom he wills. Stamboul, indeed, is a museum of tiles that has never been adequately explored. Nor, in general, is very much known about Turkish ceramics.

I suppose nothing definite will be known till the Turks themselves, or some one who can read their language, takes the trouble to look up the records of mosques and other public buildings.

The splendid tiles of Suleiman’s period have sometimes been attributed a Persian and sometimes a Rhodian origin — for they have many simi- larities with the famous Rhodian plates. The Turks themselves generally suppose that their tiles came from Kiitahya, where a factory still produces work of an in- ferior kind. The truth lies between these various the- ories. That any number of the tiles of Constantinople came from Persia is impossible.

So many of them could not have been safely brought so far overland, and it is inconceivable that they would have fitted into their places as they do, or that any number of buildings would have been erected to fit their tiles. The Rhodian theory is equally improbable, partly for similar reasons though chiefly because the legend of Rhodes is all but exploded.

Many of them probably came from different parts of Asia Minor. That tiles were pro- duced in Asia Minor long before the capture of Con- stantinople we know from the monuments of Broussa, Konia, and other places. They were quite a different kind of tile, to be sure, of only one colour or con- taining a simple arabesque design, which was varied by a sort of tile mosaic. Many of them, too, were six- sided. The only examples of these older tiles in Con- stantinople are to be seen at the Chinili Kyoshk of the imperial museum — the Tile Pavilion — and the tomb of Mahmoud Pasha.

It is a notorious fact, however, that the sultans who fought against the Persians brought back craftsmen of all kinds from that country and set- tled them in different parts of the empire. Selim I, for instance, when he captured Tabriz, imported the best tile makers of that city, as well as from Ardebil and Kashan — whence one of the words for tiles, kyashi — and settled them in Isnik. This is the city which under an older name had already produced the historian Dion Cassius and the Nicene Creed.

Other factories are known to have existed in Kastambol, Konia, Nico- media, and Constantinople itself. One is supposed to have been in Eyoub, though no trace of it remains to- day unless in the potteries of Chomlekjiler. Another, I have been told, flourished at Balat.

A colony of glass-blowers there are the last remnant to-day of the tile makers of two hundred years ago. For the imperial mosques are monuments of victory, built and endowed out of the spoils of. After the martial period of the empire came to an end with Sii- leiman I only one mosque of importance, that of Ahmed I, was built by a reigning sultan in his own name.

But the tiles of the imperial factories, after many fires and much thieving, still make up what is most brilliant and most durable in the colour of Stamboul. The best tiles are Nicene of the sixteenth century, that extraordinary cinque-cento, when so many of the best things of the world were produced. They are distinguished by the transparent white glaze of their background, on which are drawn tulips, carnations,- wild hyacinths, and a cer- tain long bent serrated leaf common to the Rhodian plate.

The chief colours are a dark and a turquoise blue and a tomato red, green and yellow occurring more rarely. And they are never quite smooth, the red in particular usually being in slight reKef. This gives them a variety which is absent from many modern tiles. The feeling for variety, in fact, was one great secret of Turkish tile making and tile setting. Sinan, for in- stance, used tiles very sparingly in his larger buildings. He was little on ornament great enough to depend very for his effect, and he knew that tiles would look like paper or Hnoleum — if such things existed in his day!

But he had a perfect tact of using this tapestry wherever he wanted a touch of colour or distinction — over a window, along a cornice, around a mihrab. His masterpiece in this decoration is the mosque of Rustem Pasha, son-in-law and Grand Vizier to Siilei- man the Magnificent.

The mosque is small enough for the effect of the tilesto — and tell to be almost ruined by the fearful modern frescoes of the vaulting. The guides of Pera have a favourite legend to the effect that Riistem Pasha brought back these tiles from his wars in Persia and built a mos- que for them to save giving them up to his imperial master.

But no one need be an expert to see the impossibility of any such story. The tiles must have been designed for the walls which they incrust, and by a supreme master of deco- ration. I should not be surprised to learn that Sinan himself drew them all. There is a tall narrow panel on either side of the mosque, between two windows, which seems to me one of the most perfect ways imaginable of filling such a space. So are the spandrels of the arches supporting the gallery, and the niche of the mihrab, and the back of the mimber.

All through the Tile panel in Riistem Pasha mosque, however, the way in which the artist has varied his designs and colours, while never losing his unity of effect, is a piece of genius. Narrow spaces and points of special interest are treated each in its own way; but unbroken surfaces of wall are never allowed to become monotonous by covering them with only one form of tile. Even within one of these The mihrab of Riistem Pasha spaces monotony is avoided by the fact that the tiles are almost never of a repeating pattern.

Two or four tiles are required to make up the scheme. They prove the wisdom of Sinan in not attempting to tile a large interior. Still, the gallery of Sultan Ahmed also proves that the archi- tect was not altogether ignorant of what he was about. The lower series is the finer. Five panels to the right balance five panels to the left of a spindle-shaped Persian design. Then come two magnificent panels of larger spindles against a thicket of peach-blossoms or Judas blos- soms, red with small blue centres, followed by two more cypresses.

Five panels of the upper series, one of them forming the axis, are latticed again with blossoming sprays. In this case there is no spindle to hide the greater part of the flowers, which are blue with smafl red centres. The tiles are very nearly if not quite as good as those of the preceding century, and they make a wall more splendid than exists outside the old Seragho. Yeni Jami is better suited for tihng, being compara- tively a smaller mosque.

Its proportions are also much better and the frescoing isnot so bad as that of Sultan Ahmed. The tiles themselves are not so interesting. But attached to the mosque, and giving entrance to the imperial tribune, is a suite of rooms which are also tiled. This imperial apartment is carried across the street on a great pointed arch, and is reached from out- side by a covered incHned way which enabled the Sultan to ride directly up to the level of his gallery.

At the same level is also a Httle garden, held up by a massive retaining wall, and a balcony with a rail of perforated marble once gave a magnificent view over the harbour.

The view has since been cut off by shops, and the apart- ment itself has fallen into a sad state of neglect or has been subjected to unfortunate restorations. A later and more intelligent restoration has brought to fight, under a vandal coat of brown paint, the old gilding of the wood- work.

Among them are charming cypresses and peach-trees. There are also re- mains of lovely old windows, to say nothing of tall hooded fireplaces and doors incrusted with tortoise- shell and mother-of-pearl. The tiles are palpably of a poorer period than those I have described. But there is a great attractiveness about this quaint apartment, that only adds to the general distinction of Yeni Jami.

The original founder of the mosque, as I have said, was the favourite wife of Ahmed I. This princess is one of the most famous women in Turkish chronicles. Whether she was a Greek or a Turk, history does not confirm, though the custom of the sultans to marry none but slaves would point to the former origin.

Her name in the Seragho was Mahpeiker — Moon Face. She is oftenest remembered, however, by the name Kyossem, Leader of a Flock, from the fact that she was the first of a troop of slaves presented to the young sultan. During his reign she gained an increasing voice in the affairs of the empire, and during those of her sons Mourad IV and Ibrahim her word was law.

The position of empress mother is an exceptional one in Turkey, as in China, the occupant of it being the first lady in the palace and the land. She is known as the valideh soultan, or princess mother — for the word sultan properly has no sex. Our word sultana does not exist in Turkish, being a Greek or Italian invention. The reigning sultan prefixes the title to his own name, while other persons of his blood put it after theirs. When the grandson of Kyossem, the boy Mehmed IV, came to the throne, the great valideh con- tinued, against all precedent, to inhabit the Seraglio and to exercise her old influence.

Her mosque, still unfinished, suffered by a which ravaged fire the quarter; and it was finally completed by her young rival, a Russian named Tar’han, or Hadijeh.

After the latter the mosque is called to-day the yeni valideh soultaji jamisi, the mosque of the new empress mother. In com- mon parlance, however, it goes by the name of yeni jami, the new mosque — though it has had time to become fairly venerable.

And she who became the new valideh now occupies in the place of honour under the dome of thetomb beside the mosque, while the murdered Kyossem rests near her husband in their little marble house on the Hippodrome.

The tombs that accompany mosques are only less interesting than the mosques themselves, both for their architectural character and for their historical associa- tions. When space permits they he in an inner enclosure of the mosque yard, technically called the garden, behind the mosque. Long before Constantinople became their capital the sultans had perfected a type of mausoleum, or tiirbeh. This is a domed structure, usually octagonal in shape, cheerfully lighted by two or three tiers of win- dows.

Every tomb has its own guardian, called the turbedar, and some are attached to a school or other philanthropic institution. These mausoleums are often extremely elaborate in decoration, but they all retain a certain primitive simphcity with regard to their central feature. There is no sarcophagus of marble or porphyry. The occupant is buried in the floor, and over of the tiirbeh his grave stands a plain wooden catafalque covered with green cloth.

Like a Turkish coffin, it is ridged and in- cHned from the head, where a wooden standard supports the turban of the deceased. Embroideries, of gold on velvet, or of quotations from the Koran in a zigzag pattern, may cover the green cloth.

Such embroideries are often a piece of a last year’s hang- ing from the Kaaba at Mecca or from the Prophet’s tomb at Medina. But nothing is imposing about the The tomb of Sultan Ahmed I catafalque unless its size, which indicates the importance of the person commemorated.

And is the around the catafalque is all that suggests perma- rail nence, and that is generally of wood inlaid with mother-of- pearl. The simple epitaph is written on a placard which hangs casually from the rail, or perhaps from an immense candle to be hghted on holy nights.

Near’by may be an inlaid folding stand with an illuminated Koran. The tombs attached to the imperial mosques are naturally the most important. Not every sultan built his own, however.

In the tilrbeh of Ahmed I two other sultans are buried, his sons Osman II who was the — first sultan to be murdered by his own people and the — bloody Mourad IV. Among the innumerable people whom the latter put to death was his brother Prince Ba’iezid, the hero of Racine’s “Bajazet,” who lies beside him. These and others of the larger tombs are noticeable for the number of little catafalques they contain, marking the graves of little princes who were strangled on the accession of their eldest brother.

The most interesting tombs, from an artistic point of view, are those of the period of Suleiman the Magnificent. Harris fharri osa. Help would be appreciated and illucidating! It is the only DTD that comes close to having everything. It may be overkill for humanities. It is very complex. Great for magazine articles. A bit weak on math but very good all around.

HTML 1. It is one of the simplest and most forgiving DTDs around. Hypermail is coming to the HyperJournal mail archive in the next few weeks, so let’s see what can be done then. It features a long discussion about the future of scholarly journals, in particular the potential for a re-conceptualized system driven by and controlled by scholars.

Please excuse any cross-postings. This book captures an Internet discussion about scientific and scholarly journals and their future that took place on a number of electronic forums starting in June and peaking in the fall. Subsequent electronic conversations between the principals and interested parties continue until now the last message captured in the book is dated March 21, Given the powerful opportunities that electronic networking technologies offer to scholars and scientists, the future of publishing will be debated for years to come.

This book is one attempt to capture a key conversation between the stakeholders in scholarly communications. Six principal discussants and about two dozen others advance radical and traditional views; they argue for overhaul of journal publication systems or advocate careful preservation of traditional values and roles. Will electronic technologies save us from the economic pressures of the current papyrocentric publishing system or will they be more expensive than we dreamed?

In his “Overture to the Subversive Proposal,” Stevan Harnad Cognitive Scientist, University of Southampton writes, “For centuries, it was only out of reluctant necessity that authors of esoteric publications entered into the Faustian Bargain of allowing a price tag to be erected as a barrier between their work and its intended readership, for that was the only way they could make their work public at all during the age when paper publication was their only option.

The collection, maintenance and dissemination of these data will be more costly than printing, but the information will be much more valuable to the scientific community. Of course, when we get to this point we won’t be publishing journals; the output will be called something else.

Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads makes publishing history. It is the first time that a book derived from a series of wide-ranging Internet discussions on a scholarly topic recreates insofar as possible an e-mail experience for a general academic and publishing audience.

In their Conclusion, Ann Okerson ARL and James O’Donnell Professor of Classics, University of Pennsylvania , the editors of this 9-month long networked conversation write, “This is a book about hope and imagination in one corner of the emerging landscape of cyberspace.

It embraces passionate discussion of an idea for taking to the Internet to revolutionize one piece of the world of publishing.

The Association of Research Libraries is a not-for-profit organization representing research libraries in the United States and Canada. Its mission is to shape and influence forces affecting the future of research libraries in the process of scholarly communication. ARL programs and services promote equitable access to, and effective use of recorded knowledge in support of teaching, research, scholarship, and community service.

These programs include annual statistical publications, federal relations and information policy, and enhancing access to scholarly information resources through telecommunications, collection development, preservation, and bibliographic control.

The Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing works to identify and influence the forces affecting the production, dissemination, and use of scholarly and scientific information. The book is produced in 7 x 10 format, paperbound, in pages. Its ISBN number is: The raw source files from which the Subversive Book is derived can be found on the Internet as follows: ftp to the site ftp.

Proposal To contact the editors: Ann Okerson ann cni. But of course a lot of restructuring goes with going electronic only, and in the process many paper line-items like subscription and fulfillment, and, to be fair, all overheads from any parallel paleolithic paper operations vanish.

Instead of continuing to do these abstract calculations, why not just get the real data from the actual editorial offices of the small but growing fleet of brave new e-only journals? She also edits the annually updated Directory of Electronic Journals.

The email addresses of all the editorial offices are contained therein. Another suggestion: Why not archive the hyperjournal-forum discussion as a Hypermail Archive on the Hypermail Home Page? All the list owner needs to do is to save all the postings in a unix mail file, with headers. The Hypermail sofware does all the rest. My understanding is that it is a group of libraries that formed a consortia for the purpose of purchasing electronic journals at a discounted rate.

They may be based at Johns Hokins, but the information I have is sketchy, and my queries via veronica and other internet resources garnered nothing. I have also check the American Library Directory and Library Literature, but I have been unable to locate any information. If you have any information about this project, I would greatly appreciate your contacting me privately via email.

Thank you in advance for any information you can provide. OK, I’ll bite. I would so much like to hear some real numbers that I now am asking about the operating budget of Psycoloquy.

Perhaps then we all can compare that itemization to our own working budgets – those of us in the print world. Or is there a large subsidy behind that number? Trust me, if this can be proven through actual working examples, I – and most likely several others – will be converted to this model. It is really the time to pass these ‘abstract calculations’ and hear from those who are producing e-journals about the ‘real’ costs involved.

JHU’s system boasts several interesting features: hypertext bibliographies, a search engine, a convenient and straightforward approach to subscriptions and licensing, and more. You can find out more at JHU’s Web site; look under the icon for the university’s libraries. Glad you asked. No secret hidden subsidies so far! But Psycoloquy is atypical for one specific reason, so not the right journal on which to base extrapolations: It is a journal of Open Peer Commentary.

Most journals are not. If an article is accepted, there is a call for multiple commentary. One day it may be possible to compare, but not yet. The comparison now would be flattering to Psycoloquy, but meaningless because of the scale differences. I think the best comparisons will be with conventional journals with comparable subject matter, submission rates, acceptance rates, annual article quotas, and readership.

To be most informative, they should also be equal in number of years of publication, so new journals are compared with new journals, where start-up costs can be compared, and low initial volume can be equated. So far, I think some of the new maths and computer science elecectronic journals are in the best position to provide data for comparing with their paper homologues, but there may be others.

Comparing Psycoloquy to BBS at this point would really be misleading. I might add that Psycoloquy’s budget is about to grow a bit, in order to set up a system to hypertextify it. That will be in the category of temporary seeding costs, however, rather than long-term costs. The breakdown of Psycoloquy’s 15K subsidy from the American Psychological Association is easy: It all goes into paying Editorial Assistants and Copy Editors to 1 handle the refereeing correspondence, 2 copy edit and format accepted articles, and 3 maintain the listserv version.

With the hypertextification grant, there will also be the cost of 4 html mark-up. Harris by way of horn pobox. Please test this compact publishing framework, download from CompuServe. At this meeting, the second of our two meetings at the conference, we will be discussing what we should be doing at future meetings: what aspects of the subject “serials standards” should be discussed? Your input is not only wanted, but needed!

If you wish to attend the meeting and share your ideas, you will be a welcome participant. If you have ideas but will not be at the meeting, please send them to me via E-mail and I will bring them to the meeting on your behalf.

Please remember to reply directly to me, not to whatever list you are reading!!! E McCormick Place There are many projects developing prototypes of the digital library and these projects are the subject of several programs at ALA. But how do these projects relate to your needs? Do they address the questions you have? What are those questions? In this session, you will have the opportunity to talk about these issues in a group of people.

Mal;apulcrlC;, pp. This speech is very similar to the previous two, full of rhetorical exaggerations and an underlying diplomatic agenda? General Loredano was the one who materialized the plan for the ordination of Meniates as Bishop in Peloponessus. He was also Elias’ close friend. The order that Elias followed in his sermons is similar to that of the ancient Hellenic philosopher, AnslOlle Specifically.

And, finally, he l::nds his sermons with the Conclusion to strengthen the effect his message. This was his way of maintaining simplicity. Ta:ralOlC;, p. K6c;, vol. Bishop Meniates does not hesitate to criticize injustice and evil. He believes that Christian virtue can only be based on the assimilation of our lives with the Orthodox Faith. It is this belief that makes him a strict judge of any form of evil. He also continuously criticizes the injustice of the Ottoman Empire toward Hellas.

He believes that words can not lead man to salvation without positive action.. This was one of the methods that helped Meniates address his See, B. Tu’tlixTlc;, pp. Tm:lixTlc;, p. Mll J’tpOO11l-! As we have discussed in earlier chapters, this was one of his diplomatic. State’ During , the v rev. The publication of the “TIe-rpa! The publication included a German translation. The publication of included a Latin translation, and was produced in Bratislava.

The publication of was produced in Amsterdam. The publications of and were produced in Vienna. The I? Q1l” was in Russian, and was produced in Petroupolis, Russia. TatcllcrlC;, p. The subject is the Schism of the ninth century between the Eastern and the Western Church. Qll” Meniates discusses the prerequisites for a possible healing of the Schism. He explains that modernity should not affect the originality and tradition of the Faith He also explains that both sides should study the Church of the first centuries, prior to the Schism 3’r’ Further.

I tried 10 maintain both, an accurate and a logical order of cycnts li’om the various sources that I had available during the composition of this thesis-project. Village on the Hellenic Island of Cephalonia. Many Hellenic families that could afford educating Oleir children would have to sent them to the various metroplitan areas of thc Venetian Stale, where Ole best academic institutions were located.

Thus, since Elias first heard onus acceptance at the Institute in March of He was twelve years old when he was accepted, and he must have graduated a year later than his classmates. Salaville, p, E’. For six years il:; preached and taught the Gospel and other curricular courses to the youth of Cephalonia, Zakynthos, and Corfu. J2’i It was during these years that Meniates composed and delivered most of his catechetical homiles that we have today in.

Most sources agree that Elias remained as a teacher at the Flageneanon Institute for about three years in total. This sennon was delivered by Elias Meniates on the occasion of the feast day of Saint Nikolas.

Molino invited Elias to COlill for the private education of his nephews. May Elias Meniates submitted his resignation at the Board of the Ilagcneanon Institute, nine months after his second tenn as Teacher there. He was to depart Venice with the Venetian ambassadorto Constantinople, Lorenzo Sorantzo, and follow him to Consta:1tinople, as his’ special advisor. SalaviHe, p. Lorenzo Sorantzo.

He completed his assignment. MtrnslO’;, Athens. I SO Ibid. Salaville, p, 0,’: Gk.. If he arrived in Constantinople during the Swmner of , then, seven years later would be dW’jng General Emo continued to insist all his invitation, but Elias refused to accept.

Marco Loredano, who also became one of Elias Meniates’ closest friends Between He remained a fervent and caring Bishop for almost three years, mel. He became also a friend and ddviSi. Sagrec j. I”” o. At the age of forty five, Elias Meniates died in the area of Palaia see, r.

III Peloponnesus. His father transferred the body of Elias to Cephalonia. Frangiscos, published the collected writings of his SOil and published them under the title “61oaxai,, This is the first known publication of the “.

Frangiscos, also collected Elias’ writings on the issues of the Primacy of the Pope, the Schism and the prerequisites for the reunification of the Eastern and Western Church He published these writings under the title “IItLpcx During the yea. They also engraved the marble-stone with an inscription dedicated to Elias, t 11C WI. Some simply state “summer “, orjust ” KTjC;, p. It was created by the Italian artist Giorini. It was donated to the people llf Cephalonia by the local priest, Angelos Pefanes.

The pedestal on which Elias’ statue was placed on, was also donated. Mar,k h ‘ The man in today’s Gospel reading is both paralytic and sinful. This miserable man has a two-fold illness, paralysis of the body and sins of the soul. For the first [iilness], he is close tl death. For,no the second [illness] he is close to hell, and he is in the ultimate danger to both. It was heard that our Lord, Jesus Christ. A number of Biblical and Patristic quotations in the original texts were not refercnced ill.

And is this not the most serious from all diseases’J And even with all this, with one phrase that the Savior tells him. On S the other hand, think abollt the strength of these words of the savior, in the mouth or?

SillS are, I'” lJlj.! You saw there the burden of this termina1 illness, and you saw here the great ease of the graceful 49 ] healing. A sinful person is in danger of being tempted at all times, [something] which is the most burdensome passion of the human soul, and only with the word of the divine grace can he be free from that danger; this is the easiest cure of the holy grace.

Let these two matters that are the sickness which comes from sin and the healing which is forgiveness become today’s teaching. Part A I do not know if I am able to make you understand what sin might be. Nothing is committed easier and nothing is more difficult to understand. And this is the reason why it is so easy to sin and so difficult to repent.

From the things that the holy teachers and the scholastic theologians tell [us], we gather that sin is [an] infinite evil, such that it becomes an insult to God But these words either do not get to the human conscience, or they have no effect on the soul. What can 1 say in order to make you understand this infinite evil? Ike the scn:n deadly sins. Teachers, iVlartyrs. Ascetics, I am telling you that all the holiness of Heaven and Eanh cannot lin sin.

That Yen’ moment, when we sin, it would be much better if the sun were to disappear from our eyes, or the earth to open from under our feet, so that it could bury us alive: because at that very moment we insult God. We transgress S:. His Hiood, provoke His Judgement. I erent ways; o ‘ ] aut hentlca lorglves sIn.

II y,-q! When a door is locked it can be opened in two ways [] directly, in a supernatural way, without a key. I want to kindly ask you now, after you think how burdensome o1’al1 evil sin is, to think how easy ofa cure forgiveness is. Without a doubt God was able to order the forgiveness of Sin [to be done] in any way, including the most dit1icult.

He could say, for example: Man, [you] who have sinned toward me, God; if J want to act like a righteous judge, I have to punish you, according to t he degree of your sin. For one sin I exiled Devil from the Heaven. God acted in the same way toward His beloved friends. IllS people’s. He repented and ,. First, the child that was conceived through adultery was taken away by God. Second, God sent to him Jonathan, the Prophet, to put fOllh ‘,16 three very burdensome things for David to choose from: either three years of hunger.

Distressed, David said, “mc’w. He chose the three days of plague [in his kingdom]. Wheretore he saw seventy thousand men killed by God’s Angel And with a damage so large, and a lot of pain, he bought from God the forgiveness of his sins. But God does not choose a similar way [of repentance] for us, who err even more than David And although God does not WI pressure us. And with all this [trouble] we should be pleased, so that we can be forgiven and not condemnecf 52 eternally.

But how ineffable God’s mercy is! He did not order [something like] that either. For an infinite evil to be effaced, for an infinite weight to be lifted, He ordered the easiest and quickest method. Vall WI’11 be heai d e.. Is sin like leprosy, a passion so malodorous.

Sinners, ill from the most deadly passion. Do not go to Jerusalem. They hold all the authority of’tt rgiveness, all the power of healing Whatever [sins] they forgive in this earth are also forgiven in heaven.

Immediately, when that spiritual father opens his mouth and says on the earth, “SOil. I forgive you, replies from above the Son and Word of God. Here, the priest offers the decision of forgiveness; and the Holy Spirit signs it immediately.

Alas to me! My sins are like a 5′,5 or, “find-out. I abused my body. But who lifted if tf. Vvw ‘ltfl,Jfli K l “. And the spiritual Hither should only say one thing: “Son, your. But I can see that you can not walk either, because you are limping. So listen to what I have to say to you. With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the harlot? With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the world?

Yes, says Saint Chrysostom, because God’s forbearance punishes twice as much the unrepentant. Please try to think of it a little better God wanted to do a benevolent act toward the ungrateful people of Jerusalem; and there, in a fi:.

The miracle occurred there in one place [only], only one time, one time each year. Here, fthat same miracle] happens in every city and country and Christian church, every day and every hour, as long as we want it to [happen] Here, it is not an Angel, a pure spirit, to see our passions. Let it be pride, let it be slander, let it be blasphemy. You still do not rush to repentance so that you can receive forgiveness and salvation’ Your sickness [is] so serious and your healing so easy, and you [still] do not want it?

B ut you, d0 not come, aI ‘mVlted, though. You are nailed inside the arms OfyOUf prostitute. You are bound by the chains of your avarice You are rooted in evil. At the end the rope breaks: God gets burdened, angered, He lets you go and you fall, miserable human being, in complete 61] Rom ; English translation: “Or do.

Do you not realize that God’s kindness is meant to feadyou to repentance? Who was at fault? You [were]. Who feels sorry for you’ No one [does]. But I exorcise you in the name of the Living God, my Christian brother, do not let that rope be cut in half.

When the goodness of God pulls you toward repentance, return to God. God keeps His arms open to accept you [b ac k] Wit. Methodios, a pious and wise monk, was sent by God and the Church to catechize in the Olthodox faith of Christ the Bulgarian king, who, passing from idolatry to the knowledge of God, was baptized and subjected himself and his province to the Roman kingdom and the throne of Constantinople.

In the one on the Second Coming he presented the Son of God sitting on a high and raised from the ground throne, with a lot of power and glory, dressed with the light of Divine Glory. There were thousands of Angels that stood by; innumerable multitudes of people being judged, awaiting the decision of the fearful Judge; the sign of the Cross that appeared in front of the table of sacrifice; the river of fire streaming out of the fiery throne; and all the other detailed events of the future judgment.

This is a catechetical homily on Repentance. And everyday, the wise teacher [Methodios], would place both urawings in front of[the eyes] of the student-king, to make him realize that this is the judgement and hell for a sinner; and with that he tried to strengthen him is the right faith and to lead him to the God-loving life.

The reason I did this was to lead you toward repentance, which is the only path for you to avoid both, the wrath of the future Judgment and the tortures of eternal Hell, for which I come to speak to you today. V aV7. But, alas l You still wait? You still do not repent? And you still insist on your opinion, your passion, your sin’ Coldhearted and irreparable sinners, listen to what I come to tell you today; I want to talk to you about Repentance, but I will prove to you that: he who can [repent today] but does not repent, maybe will not be able to repent when he will want to repent.

Is it God s Grace alone, or God’s Grace and man’s will together? The heresy of the Pclagians 62J is that the will of man alone, without the Grace of God, is enough to justify and save man.

The heresy of the Lutheran Calvinists is that the Grace of God alone, without the will of man, does the same. The others teach that the Grace [of God] is not necessary to complement the human will. They [on the other hand] teach that the [human] wiil is free like the Grace. But neither the will of man alone, nor the grace of God alone, but both the will and Grace can justify and save man.

The true opinion of the Orthodox is that the Grace is always necessary and the will is always free. Christ says, ‘whoever wants to follow me, let him deny himself. And He says again, ‘without me, you can not do anything’: “Xwph;; c:P.

God, Who created man without [the will ot] man, can not save man without [the will ot1 man, meaning without man wanting it, says the prudent St. For us to be saved, it has to come, both, from us and from God. And St. Chrysostom says that Grace, and Grace 6:’. God’s grace invites, but man’s will has to accept the invitation.

If one remains a sinner for a long time, without repenting, those two wheels, those two wings, Will and Grace. Will gets weak by long habit; Grace gets weak by procrastination.

Let us start trom the first one. Of course the will of man is more inclined toward the evil, rather than toward good; he climbs toward virtue with “‘-great difficulty; but he falls easilv to evil; and if he When the city of Pentapolis was burned from that tire that rained from heaven to burn that wicked sin, God wanted to save the Just Lot 6.

Nature, which at the end becomes necessity and influences with in. How many times do we do certain things out of habit, things that otherwise we would not do by nature? A law that at the end becomes tyrannical and violates the laws of the free will. How many times do we act, not because we want to, but [rather] because we are used to [acting that wayp o t he WIof! Although difficult, authority is a desirable thing; we give up our life with more ease, than we give up authority.

At the beginning Ninos refused her request, and told her that this would be improper and that whatever else she might want [she can have] with pleasure, but to give her all the authority, in the hands of 63 ‘or, “passions You should have never left in the hands of an arrogant woman the scepter of authority! One day. You want to confess [your sins], but you do not want to improve. This is the same with wanting and not wanting; a sign that the ropes that bind you were released somewhat, but have not been [completely] cut.

That is an exceptional Grace and it is not always granted to everyone. Do not take for granted this Divine Grace, that God gives a few times and to a few people. Because you were born in the arms of the true Church, and brought up from pious parents with the milk of the holiest Faith To protect you from the strangers who deceive you with wordly pleasures.

H’ English Tmnslal. If English U1Uls! God abandon “‘i Hi’ “u’:OCil. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone’s face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.

And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains? You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit’? You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life?

But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then? What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others’ Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable.

Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah!

❿

Windows 10 1703 download iso italianos humble definition – windows 10 1703 download iso italianos hu

New highly specific mechanisms have been discovered and because of this progress, new drug targets are in different stages of clinical development.

Headache is one of the most common reasons for consultation in the pediatric emergency department ED. Triage systems have been developed and adapted to the pediatric population to differentiate urgent from nonurgent patients, allowing appropriate and efficient management.

In children with certain brain disorders, headache can be associated with focal neurologic signs or symptoms; these children represent a true diagnostic challenge to physicians, owing to the possibility of severe underlying disease. The differential diagnosis in children with headache and focal neurologic signs includes primary etiologies, such as migraine with aura, and secondary etiologies, such as trauma, infection, and vascular, neoplastic, and epileptic disorders.

Achieving a diagnosis in children can be challenging at times; important reasons for this include poor description of pain by children and several childhood periodic syndromes that can be common precursors of migraine. Migraine is a multiphasic disorder and understanding of its pathophysiology starts with the acknowledgment that migraine is not simply a disease of intermittently occurring pain, but that it involves processes that affect the brain over time.

If one wants to interpret the most recent findings in migraine pathophysiology it is important to again discuss the clinical presentation of all phases of a migraine attack. There are three clinical features of migraine which point towards the limbic system and hypothalamus as attack generating brain structures. The first one is that almost all symptoms of the premonitory phase including yawning, tiredness and mood changes already point towards hypothalamic involvement.

Secondly, the circadian rhythmicity of attacks and thirdly the association of attacks with hormonal status and the menstrual cycle. The hypothalamus has various neuroanatomical connections to pain modulating systems and also to the spinal trigeminal nuclei. The orexinergic system, which is known to regulate arousal and nociceptive processing as well as thermoregulation and autonomic functions, has only recently become a site of interest in migraine research.

Another neurotransmitter system involving the hypothalamus is the central dopaminergic system. Recent neuroimaging studies in migraine patients undermine hypothalamic involvement in the premonitory and acute pain phase of migraine. Most recently one migraine patient went into the scanner daily over a whole month which included 3 spontaneous untreated headache attacks. Increased hypothalamic activation was seen in the prodromal phase within the last 24 h before migraine headache onset as compared to the interictal state.

More importantly, the pain-related hypothalamic functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the spinal trigeminal nuclei was significantly increased during the preictal phase as compared to the interictal phase. These data strongly suggest that the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in generating premonitory symptoms but also the migraine attack itself.

Moreover, using a recently developed protocol for high resolution brainstem imaging of standardized trigeminal nociceptive stimulation, the anterior right hypothalamus HT was significantly stronger activated in CM as compared to healthy controls. These data corroborate a crucial role of the HT for migraine chronification but also as for the sustainment of acute migraine pain.

NeuroImage ; — The hypothalamus as a mediator of chronic migraine: Evidence from high resolution fMRI. Neurology — May A. Understanding migraine as a cycling brain syndrome: reviewing the evidence from functional imaging. Neurol Sci ; — Cluster headache, hypothalamus, and orexin.

Curr Pain Headache Rep ; — Immunohistological studies show widespread distribution of CGRP within the CNS, but the role and function of this neuropeptides in the brain and spinal cord are largely unknown. There is also increasing interest whether CGRP antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier and abort migraine headaches in part via central mechanisms. As migraine is a CNS disorder a central abortive or preventative mechanisms is suspected for several years.

Finally, we will illustrate the contribution of CGRP in an animal model of photophobia. The classification of headache disorders has improved over the years, but further work is needed to develop and improve headache diagnosis within headache subtypes.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP is considered to be one of the main molecules in the pathophysiology of migraine. Currently, several drugs that target either the CGRP peptide or its receptor are in clinical studies for the prophylactic as well as the acute treatment of migraine. While CGRP is expressed abundantly in the central nervous system, it also plays an important role in the peripheral nervous system.

Most antimigraine drugs that are currently in clinical development and target CGRP or its receptor for example, the monoclonal antibodies are not able to cross the blood brain barrier and thus do not reach the central nervous system, highlighting the importance of CGRP and its receptors at sites not protected by the blood brain barrier. These sites include the trigeminal ganglion, but also perivascular sensory afferents that may be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine as well as in the development of potential side effects.

During the lecture, models and mechanisms important for the understanding of the role of CGRP in the peripheral nervous system will be discussed. Migraine is the most common cause of neurological disability worldwide [1]; it is a disorder of the brain with pan-sensory dysfunction [2]. Migraine has, in essence, three phases, prior to the canonical attack- the premonitory or prodromal phase, the attack itself, headache with or without aura, and the period after canonical attack, the postdrome.

The premonitory phase can occur from hours to days before the canonical attack. The symptoms can be seen in children, as they are in adults [4]. Moreover, there is evidence from functional imaging of activation in the region of the hypothalamus during the premonitory phase [5].

The postdrome phase occurs after the headache phase of the canonical attack is settling; it is typically settled in about half of patients in six hours. Remarkably there is widespread reduction in brain blood flow in the postdrome [7], which reflects the phenotype well. Understanding the non-pain phases of migraine will lead to be a better formulation of the pathophysiology of migraine and eventually to better treatment.

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Pathophysiology of Migraine- A disorder of sensory processing. Physiological Reviews. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Premonitory symptoms of migraine in childhood and adolescence.

Current Pain and Headache Reports. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin triggered migraine attacks. The migraine postdrome. An electronic diary study. Neurology Minneap.

The project took the form of surveys by structured questionnaire, conducted from November to August Unadjusted lifetime prevalence of any headache was Gender-adjusted 1-year prevalences were Personal impact was high, and included ictal symptom burden, interictal burden, cumulative burden and impact on others partners and children. We confirmed that depression and especially anxiety are comorbid more than by chance with migraine. The level of this impact and its pervasiveness taken together with estimates of huge financial cost, have important implications for health policy in Europe.

Eurolight should proceed with focusing on cluster headache and headache in the elderly. Background : Despite the very high prevalence of headaches, multidisciplinary headache clinics are still few and better documentation of their content and efficacy is needed. Objective : To describe the structure of a multidisciplinary approach and to characterize the patients and treatment results from existing centres. Further to describe the proposed organization of headache care in Europe.

At this level headache specialists and a multidisciplinary team should conduct more complex treatment, initiate research and education. The composition of the multidisciplinary team may vary, however and here there is no international consensus. Most centres include nurses, psychologists and in some countries also sports-therapists or physiotherapists. A systematic review of patients from the tertiary Danish Headache Centre revealed that patients had a mean age of In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.

Migraine is a genetic disease with both environmental and genetic factors determining the susceptibility to attacks. Recent technological advances in genetic analysis, which allowed simultaneous testing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in tens of thousands of migraine patients in genome-wide association studies GWAS , made it feasible to identify robust gene variants for the common forms of migraine.

Whereas GWAS performed in various migraine subtypes yielded different top hits for the different subtypes, additional analyses seem to point to a shared genetic underpinning in migraine. Identified gene variants point towards various molecular pathways, e.

GWAS data sets, to some extent, can also been used to identify the type of brain cell involved in pathology. GWAS also enable the identification of shared genetic factors for diseases comorbid with migraine. Unlike gene mutations in monogenic migraine subtypes, the effect size of gene variants in common migraine is small, thus complicating direct translation to diagnostic tests, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment targets.

In fact, strategies to properly address the biological role of these variants are still being developed. The coming years will show the true impact of these combined genetic approaches on the identification of genes, pathological mechanisms, and diagnosis of patients in migraine. Research has devised various techniques for investigating nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory pathways in patients with neuropathic pain.

The most widely agreed tools in use today include neurophysiological techniques and skin biopsy. Laser Evoked Potentials LEPs are the easiest and most reliable neurophysiological technique for assessing nociceptive pathway function.

In diseases associated with nociceptive-pathway damage, LEPs can be absent, reduced in amplitude or delayed in latency. Skin biopsy is a reliable and minimally invasive tool for investigation of nociceptive fibres in human epidermis and dermis. Researchers have used this technique for assessing epidermal nerve fibres qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin biopsy can be done at any site of the body, with a disposable punch, using a sterile technique, and under local anaesthesia.

Many investigators have used skin biopsy to investigate epidermal nerve fibres in various peripheral nerve diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, infectious and inflammatory neuropathies and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases.

In all studies, epidermal nerve fibre density was significantly lower in patients with neuropathy than in controls. Patients suffering from chronic headaches challange health care systems. A proportion of chronic headache patients does not properly respond to prophylactic treatments or shows low tolerability profile and remains in need for alternative therapeutic strategies and options. The improved understanding of head pain pathophysiology has focused attention on the role of neural structures both at peripheral and central nervous system level.

Thus in the attempt to improve chronic intractable neurovascular headache migraine and cluster headache patients a number of neuromodulation procedures targeting peripheral and central nervous system structures have been tried. So far, efficacy and safety of various non-invasive and invasive stimulation procedures and devices have been investigated. Vagus nerve stimulation, supraorbital stimulation and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are considered non invasive neurostimulation options.

While invasive procedures are occipital nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. Years after their introduction there is still debate about their use and place in clinical practice. Results from open label series and few controlled trials suggest the need of further investigations.

Criteria employed to define intractable headaches were given more than ten years ago 1. An ad hoc European Headache Federation expert board has reviewed these aspects 2.

A still unsolved issue is the lack of adequate placebo to properly design randomized controlled trials in neurostimulation studies. In patients with chronic pain conditions interpretation of placebo effect is a challange particularly for headache specialists. In chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache patients occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities is frequently encountered.

Also, occurrence of medication overuse headache — seen as an addiction behavior – is frequently observed both in chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache. These factors are often a barrier when selecting patients for neurostimulation procedures. Long term experience with deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in chronic cluster headache has suggested that the generator of the attacks is not there 3. Similarly other neurostimulation procedures tried in migraine and cluster headache have shown poor, unsatisfactory ability to stop ongoing attacks.

Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia ; — Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. Success, failure and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug resistant chronic cluster headache. Pain ; 1 : An underlying concept in the new ICHD-3 classification of trigeminal neuralgia is the postulation that clinical presentations matter because they reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.

Previous attempts to establish the connection between the two have yielded uncertain results as the authors have paid limited attention to individual clinical symptoms and signs. Yet, the relatively strict criteria for trigeminal neuralgia and its subgroups yield homogenous populations that allow advantage to be taken of the advances in neurophysiological and imaging methods.

It is now possible to conduct subgroup-specific pathophysiological studies aimed at biomarkers that pave the way for precision diagnosis of TN and individualised therapy. An example of how this might be done comes from recent studies based on sensory profiling of peripheral neuropathic pain.

In a large group of patients with three different diagnoses, cluster analysis of detailed sensory testing revealed three main sensory phenotypes [1], with the potential to allocate individual patients to these sensory groups [2]. In my presentation I will suggest a pathway as to how to accomplish this. I will start by arguing that the existing data are sufficient to recommend preferred treatment in selected cases.

Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain ; Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations.

It is suggested that even minor head injury may cause a widespread stretching or shearing injuries to the axonal network. Psychosocial factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CPTH. The clinical features of CPTH are similar to primary headache disorders phenotypes with the majority of children presenting with migraine-like headache and probable tension-type headache. Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders. In the majority of children no investigations are necessary.

The interaction between enzyme inductive antiepileptics EiAED like carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, rufinamide, lamotrigine, topiramate and COCs is well-known.

Knowing the interaction between antiepileptics and contraceptives is important to find the most effective medication with fewer side effects. Nowadays, women with epilepsy do not always get the right information; thus, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and consultation between the epileptologist and the gynaecologist. The information is also needed even if the patient is sexually inactive. Migraine is a complex neuronal disorder where the cortex has a key importance and characteristic headache attack is associated with multiple sensorial disturbances.

A cerebral cortical phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression CSD was linked to lateralized headache. CSD is an intrinsic brain phenomenon to a noxious stimulus such as high potassium or trauma, and manifests as an extreme excitability state of the gray matter with massive depolarization of neuronal and glial membranes and redistribution of ions. Propagating depolarization in the brain parenchyma leads to a release of various vasoactive and nociceptive ions and molecules.

Vascular compartment reacts with initial hyperemia followed by long-term oligemia. It occurs in many species from rodents to primates, though it is hard to initiate and sustain its propagation in gyrencephalic brains. Spreading depression wave involves neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and leads remarkable effects on those compartments and overlying meningeal membranes with capability of triggering peripheral trigeminal fibers and second order trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus, though its effect on subcortical structures are less known.

Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response. Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research. Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex.

More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes. We will outline and highlight the salient features across disorders that will ensure correct diagnosis. Trigeminal neuralgia TN is a neurological disease which is peculiar under several respects. The diagnosis of TN, in its typical presentation, in unmistakable on clinical grounds alone. Pain manifests with intense bursts that occur and end abruptly and usually last few seconds only.

This type of pain is paradigmatic of what pain scholars call paroxysmal pain. The most common verbal descriptors are electric-shock like or stabbing. Unique to TN is the trigger mechanism. The attacks are evoked by innocuous stimuli in tiny zones of the extra- or intraoral trigeminal territories.

The most frequent trigger maneuvers include activities of the daily life such as washing, cleaning, brushing the teeth or talking. Although the trigger zones shared by most patients are confined between the nostril and the lateral perioral region, any area innervated by the trigeminal nerve may do.

More supported by evidence from animal models is the generation of high-frequency discharges. A third potential step, with so far almost no sound evidence at all, is that the hyperactivity of primary afferents secondarily induces central sensitization of wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus or even more central changes. Finally, TN is unique also for its pharmacological and surgical treatment. I am also under obligation to their Excellencies, J. Leishman, O. Straus, and W.

Rockhill, American ambassadors to the Porte, and especially to the last, for cards of admis- sion, letters of introduction, and other facilities for col- lecting material. Among many others who have taken the trouble to give me assistance of one kind or another I particularly wish to express my acknowledgments to Arthur Baker, Esq.

If Ispahan was half the world, this indeed was the whole. And then this gem of cities possesses this great advantage over Ispahan, that it is situated on the borders of a beautiful succession of waters, instead of being surrounded by arid and craggy mountains; and, in addition to its own extent and beauty, enjoys the advantage of being reflected in one never-failing mirror, ever at hand to multiply them. No one is better aware of the necessity of such a law than the present scribe, as he struggles with the temptation to declare anew that there are two races of men.

I cannot say that I ever really belonged, myself, to the enemies of Stamboul. Stamboul entered too early into my con- sciousness and I was too early separated from her to ask myself questions; and it later happened to me to fall under a potent spell.

But there came a day when I returned to Stamboul from Italy. I felt a scarcely definable change in the atmosphere as soon as we crossed the Danube. The change grew more and more marked as we neared the Turkish fron- tier. And I reahsed to whathad been trending when it at last we entered a breach of the old Byzantine wall and whistled through a long seaside quarter of wooden houses more tumble-down and unpainted than I remem- bered wooden houses could be, and dusty little gardens, and glimpses of a wide blue water through ruinous ma- sonry, and people as out-at-elbow and down-at-the-heel as their houses, who even at that shining hour of a sum- mer morning found time to smoke hubble-bubbles in tipsy httle coffee-houses above the Marmora or to squat motionless on their heels beside the track and watch the fire-carriage of the unbehever roll in from the West.

I have never forgotten — nor do successive experiences seem to dull the sharpness of the impression that — abysmal drop from the general European level of spruce- ness and sohdity.

Yet Stamboul, if you belong to the same race of men as I, has a way of rehabilitating her- self in your eyes, perhaps even of making you adopt her point of view. Not that I shall try to gloss over her case. Stamboul not for the race of men that is must have trimness, smoothness, regularity, and mod- ern conveniences, and the latest amusements.

She has ambitions in that direction. I may live to see her at- tain them. I have aheady Hved to see half of the Stam- boul once knew burn to the ground and the other I half experiment in Haussmannising. But there is still enough of the old Stamboul left to leaven the new. It is very bumpy to drive over. It is ill-painted and out of repair. It is somewhat intermittently served by the scavenger. What he knows is the fountain or the cofTee-house near which he lives, and the quarter in which both are situ- ated, named perhaps Coral, or Thick Beard, or Eats No Meati or Sees Not Day; and it remains for you to find that quarter and that fountain.

While the high lights of Stamboul, then, are grey, this stone Stamboul is small in proportion to the darker Stamboul that fills the wide interstices between the mosques a — Stamboul of weathered wood that is just the colour of an etching. It has always seemed to me, indeed, that Stamboul, above all other cities I know, waits to be etched. Those fine lines of dome and minaret are for copper rather than canvas, while those crowded houses need the acid to bring out the richness of their shadows.

Stamboul has waited a long time. Besides Frank Brangwyn and E. Roth, I know of no etcher who has tried his needle there. And neither of those two has done what I could imagine Whistler doing — a Long Stamboul as seen from the opposite shore of the Golden Horn.

If Rome, however, had been built on fourteen hills it would have been just as easy to find the same number in Constantinople. That steep promontory advancing between sea and sea to- ward a steeper Asia must always have been something to look at. But I find it hard to believe that the city of Constantine and Justinian can have marked so noble an outline against the sky as the city of the sultans.

A grey dome, a white minaret, a black cypress — that is the group which, recurring in every possible composition, makes up so much of the colour of the streets. On the monumental scale of the imperial mosques it ranks among the supreme a architectural effects. On smaller scale never lacks charm. One element of this it charm is so simple that I wonder it has not been more widely imitated. Almost every mosque is enclosed by a wall, sometimes of smooth ashler with a pointed coping, sometimes of plastered cobblestones tiled at the top, often with snapdragon and camomile daisies.

For he knew, the crafty man, that a grille or a lattice is always pleasant to look through, and that it somehow lends interest to the barest prospect.

There hardly a street of Stamboul in which some is such window does not give a glimpse into the peace and gravity of the East. The windows do not all look into mosque yards. Many more look into a patch of ground where tall turbaned and lichened stones lean among cypresses or where a more or less stately mausoleum, a tilrbeh, lifts its dome. Life and death seem never very far apart in Constantinople. In other cities the fact that hfe has an end is put out of sight as much as pos- sible.

Here it is not only acknowledged but taken ad- vantage of for decorative purposes. Even Divan Yolou, the Street of the Council, which is the principal avenue of Stamboul, owes much of its character to the tombs and patches of cemetery that border it. Several sultans and grand viziers and any number of more obscure per- sons lie there neighbourly to the street, from which he who strolls, if not he who runs, may read — if Arabic letters be familiar to him — half the history of the empire.

Of the houses of the living I have already hinted that they are less permanent in appearance. Until very re- cently they were all built of wood, and they all burned down ever so often. Consequently Stamboul has begun to rebuild herself in brickand concrete. I shall not com- plain of it, admit that it is not well for Stamboul to for I continue burning down.

I also admit that Stamboul must modernise some of her habits. It is a matter of the greatest urgency if Stamboul wishes to continue to exist.

Yet I am sorry to have the old wooden house of Stamboul disappear. It is not merely that I am a fa- natic in things of other times. That house is, at its best, so expressive a piece of architecture, it is so simple and so dignified inits hues, it contains so much wisdom for the modern decorator, that I am sorry for it to disappear and leave no report of itself.

If it inci- dentally narrows and darkens the street, think the I passer-by can only be grateful for the fine line of the curving brackets and for the summer shade. He is further protected from the sunby the broad eaves of the house, supported, perhaps, by little brackets of their own. Under them was stencilled of old an Arabic in- vocation, which more rarely decorated a blue-and-white tile and which nowadays is generally printed on paper and framed hke a picture — “O Protector,” “O Con- queror,” “O Proprietor of Property.

The art of forming beautiful letters has been carried to great perfection by the Turks, who do not admit — or who until recently did not admit — any representation of living forms.

By adding to an inscrip- tion its reverse, it is possible to make a symmetrical figure which sometimes resembles a mosque, or the letters may be fancifully made to suggest a bird or a ship.

Texts from the Koran, invocations of the Almighty, the names of the caliphs and of the companions of the Prophet, and verses of Persian poetry are all favourite subjects for the calligrapher. I have also seen what might very hterally be called a word-picture of the Prophet.

The lattices of the windows, the veils of the women, the high garden walls, the gravity and per- fect quiet of the streets at night, all contribute to that sense. From the noisy European quarter on the opposite bank of the Golden Horn, where life is a thing of shreds and patches, without coherent associations and without roots, one looks over to Stamboul and gets the sense of another, an unknown hfe, reaching out secret filaments to the uttermost parts of the earth.

Strange faces, strange costumes, strange dialects come and go, on errands not necessarily too mysterious, yet mysterious enough for one who knows nothing of the literature of the East, its habits, its real thought and hope and beUef. And so into Stamboul we all go as outsiders. Yet there are aspects of Stamboul which are not so inaccessible.

Stamboul at work, Stamboul as a market-place, is a Stamboul which welcomes the intruder — albeit with her customary gravity: if a man buttonholes you in the street and in- sists that you look at his wares you may be sure that he is no Turk. This is also a Stamboul which has never been, which never can be, sufficiently celebrated. The Bazaars, to be sure, figure in all the books of travel, and are visited by every one; but they are rather sighed over nowadays, as having lost a former glory.

Be that as it may, they still dress in robe and turban, and they keep shorter hours than their brethren of the outer bazaar. They sit at the receipt of custom, not in shops but on continuous platforms, grave old men to whom it is apparently one whether you come or go, each before his own shelf and cupboard inlaid with mother-of-pearl; and they deal only in old things.

At any rate, the Bezesten is almost a little too good to be true. It might have been arranged by some Gerome who studied the exact effect of dusty shafts of light striking down from high windows on the most picturesque confusion of old things — stuffs, arms, rugs, brasses, porcelain, jewelry, odds and ends of silver, bric-a-brac.

There the bales that come down from Persia and the Caucasus, as well as from Asia Minor and even from India and China, are opened and stored in great piles of colour, and there the wholesale dealers of Europe and America do most of their buying.

It was so badly damaged in the earthquake of that many of its original tenants moved away, giving place to stuffy quilt and upholstery men. Enough of the former are left, however, to make a museum of strange powders and electuaries, and to fill the air with the aroma of the East.

It is sure to burn up or to be torn down one of these days, because it is a section of the long street —almost the only level one in the city that — skirts the Golden Horn.

All sorts of nuts and dried fruits are sold there, in odd company with candles and the white ribbons and artificial flowers without which no Greek or Armenian can be properly married.

But whether any of these old stone build- ings might trace a Byzantine or Venetian ancestry I cannot say. The habit of Stamboul to burn up once in so often made them very necessary, and in spite of the changes that have taken place in business methods they are still largely used. And all about them are the headquarters of crafts — wood-turning, basket-mak- ing, amber-cutting, brass-beating — in alleys which are highly profitable to explore.

One of the things that make those alleys not least profitable is somehow manages to the grape-vine that grow in them. It is no rarity, I am happy to report. That grape-vine is one of the most decorative elements of Stamboul streets; and to me, at least, it has a whole philosophy to tell. It was never planted for the profit of its fruit. Vines allowed to grow as those vines grow cannot bear very heavily, and they are too accessible for their grapes to be guarded.

They were planted, hke the traghetto vines in Venice, because they give shade and because they are good to look upon. Fortunately there are special conveniences for this, in places where there are vines and places where there are not. Such are the places that the arriving traveller sees from his train, where meditative citizens sit cross- legged of a morning over coffee and tobacco.

The number of these institutions in Con- stantinople is quite fabulous. They have the happiest tact for locality, seeking movement, strategic corners, open prospects, the company of water and trees.

And no ban or public building is without its facilities for dispensing the indispensable. I know not whether the fact may contribute any- thing to the psychology of prohibition, but it is surprising to learn how recent an invention coffee-houses are, as time goes in this part of the world, and what opposition they first encountered. The first coffee-shop was opened in Stamboul by one Shemsi, a native of Aleppo.

The beverage so quickly appreciated was as quickly lookedupon by the orthodox as insidious to the public morals — partly because it seemed to merit the prohibition of the Koran against intoxicants, partly because it brought the faithful together in places other than mosques.

Their most unrelenting enemy was the bloody Mourad IV — himself a drunkard who for-— bade the use of coffee or tobacco under pain of death. Most journals are not.

If an article is accepted, there is a call for multiple commentary. One day it may be possible to compare, but not yet. The comparison now would be flattering to Psycoloquy, but meaningless because of the scale differences. I think the best comparisons will be with conventional journals with comparable subject matter, submission rates, acceptance rates, annual article quotas, and readership.

With the hypertextification grant, there will also be the cost of 4 html mark-up. Harris by way of horn pobox. Please test this compact publishing framework, download from CompuServe.

At this meeting, the second of our two meetings at the conference, we will be discussing what we should be doing at future meetings: what aspects of the subject “serials standards” should be discussed?

Your input is not only wanted, but needed! If you wish to attend the meeting and share your ideas, you will be a welcome participant. If you have ideas but will not be at the meeting, please send them to me via E-mail and I will bring them to the meeting on your behalf.

After half an hour, the small groups will share their list of questions with the entire group. Come ready to participate in what promises to be a fruitful discussion. Note: a compilation of the group’s questions will be posted to these lists following ALA.

Is it possible to do it with 10 hours per week of clerical effort and 5 hours a week of a professional’s time? And frankly, I won’t be convinced by numbers from the “actual editorial offices of the small but growing fleet of brave new e-only journals If a bus runs over the editor, will the journal survive?

The conference proceedings are intended to be published on flopy disc. Orczan [chair] Zsolt Orczan Dr [co-chair orczanz mars. Please note that for early registration a reduced fee is applicable. You will receive the confirmation of your participation and the detailed program in due time. I intend to submit a paper Technical equipment required I pay the fee MoneyGram I register Please send me information about available accomodations Please inform me about Excursion, Theatre, or Opera Of what he saw there he wrote as follows: “Buda with its blue chain of hills, Pest with its yellow plain, and the majestic Danube with its green isles were all sprawled out at our feet One hundred and fifty years have passed since the ousting of the Turk, and in this space of time, the city has risen from squalid ruins to become one of the great cities of Europe.

Pest owes its progress not to the good will of a benevolent ruler, but to its natural endowments and the en- ergy of its people It lies on the banks of a river that traverses half of Europe, and may expand unbounded in every direction.

All this leads one to anticipate a splendid future for Pest-Buda. The order-loving German appraised the city with satisfaction: “Pest was conceived in an orderly manner, the city plan was elaborated with proper circum- spection. The main thoroughfares leading in every direction from the centre of the town are broad and straight.

The streets are neither cen- tralized nor straight; consequently, the town has no core, and in its network of streets, one will find nothing that re- sembles order. The reason for this is the unfavourable soil and the fact that the roads are cut off by hills, preventing the population from building their houses in a rational manner.

Whether to its advantage or otherwise, Pest is comparable to other big cities lying on the plain. But Buda is unique, like Stockholm, Istanbul, or Rio, and this is due precisely to its “disorderliness”.

Pest may expand without constraint, but Buda is bound by the surrounding hill coun- try. In the course of its development, Pest has smothered and devoured its environment, as most big cities do.

But even today, Buda is inseparable from it, despite the fact that the “peaceful coexistence” between man and nature is being increasingly threatened. More and more houses are appear- ing on the formerly sparsely populated hillsides, and the ten- tacles of urbanization feel their way not only upward: they bore their way into the remotest hollows of the valleys.

Small plots of land are being congested by large houses, and even sometimes entire neighbourhoods; the gardens are shrinking, the woods receding into the distance. New roads are being built, public utilities, service accommodations es- tablished.

Nevertheless, Buda continued to be characterized not so much by its wreath of hills as by the fragmentedness of its inner area. It has no rational geometrical scheme. The inner city hills – Rozsadomb, Naphegy, Varhegy Castle Hill , Gellert-hegy and Sashegy, – which boast perhaps the world’s only big city nature conservation area, divide the body of the town into sections, thus giving the whole a diver- sified, exciting aspect.

The old sixteenth-century Italian say- ing according to which the world has three gems: Venice on the water, Florence on the plain, and Buda on the hill, in all probability still holds true, and so does the ironic saying of Hungarian architects, according to which the natural en- dowments of Buda are so beautiful that even they, the ar- chitects.

Please reply as soon as possible! Yours sincerely, Dr. JAIR also publishes a paper version, but I won’t include the costs for that. In fact, I don’t have a detailed breakdown of the costs for the paper version.

Currently, JAIR does not charge for electronic subscriptions. All our editorial help is provided on a volunteer basis, and our servers are maintained for free by various universities and research labs. In other words, we are completely subsidized by the research community. I would argue that this is a completely reasonable arrangement.

How do our subsized costs differ from traditional paper computer science journals? I’ve edited a paper journal in the past, so I can make some comparisons.

BTW, I would note that in CS, editing a journal is considered “part of the job” for many researchers, and their employers regularly provide this subsidy. Computer scientists are relatively well-paid people as well, even in academia. Maybe our field is unusual this way Initially, I think our lack of a professional production staff caused some minor problems, in that our articles were not as uniform as some paper journals.

But, it seems to me that the increment cost of providing such subsidies is quite low for research institutions. Don’t know exact figures, unfortunately. In my dual roles as executive editor and “electronic publisher”, I require about 8 hours of week of clerical help which is currently subsidized by my employer. It’s more help than I required for the paper journal I used to edit, but not much more.

The difference is due to the fact that my assistant and I have to handle some of the correspondence regarding submissions and publication that would have been handled by the jorunal’s paid production staff. We hope, however, that this chapter will reflect Elias’ career by presenting each significant event of his development as an independent section of the chapter. The information that we can gather from the available sources shows that Elias Meniates’ role during his early life was manifold.

On one hand he was a member of the clergy and a preacher of the Faith, and, on the other, he was a teacher of the enslaved Hellas.

He is considered to be among the prominent preachers of the 17 century. Moreover, as a teacher of the then enslaved to the Ottomans Hellas, Elias played an important role in educating his students and shaping the Hellenic language, which was suffering serious pressures from several perspectives.

Most of Elias’ sermons of this period had strong anti- Ottoman elements. They were public prayers for the liberation of Hellas from the See, H. It is, thus, only natural to learn that Elias took full advantage of his education at Flageneanon and was quickly selected by his instructors and supervisors as one of the top-ranking students of the Institute. J40 Upon graduation, during Mayor June of A. During he was initially employed at the publishing houst of Nikolaos Sarros.

Sarros publishing house, although there is not enough data to support the complete accuracy of this information. The first known literary work of Elias Meniates was published during this period.

J45 During that year Elias was also employed in Venice as a secretary to his mentor and spiritual father, the Metropolitan of 46 Philadelphia Meletios Typaldos.

TImp1vEAllC;, p. Salavil1e, p. E’; Chronology of the present study. TutlIKllC;, p. Mdetios Typaldos ordained him a deacon at the age of twenty in the Church of Saint George, in Venice. Further, the Metropolitan of Philadelphia, with the recommendation and support of the HeHenic community of Venice, appointed Elias as the official preacher of the same church. Upon graduation from Flageneanon, and due to the initial absence and later death of teacher Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Elias was appointed as a teacher at the Institute at the age of twenty.

D He held this position for one year. On September 12th , Elias was promoted to full teacher of Hellenic language and philology at the Institute. This would be only natural, since the Venetian authorities wanted to solidify that at least those educated at their metropolitan areas would get proper education and become friends and allies of the State. Q4;, p. TatCtlCllc;, p. ISO See, x. SalavilJe, p. J 55 See, S. E’: Chronology of the present study.

See, 1’b’d 1. Chronology of the presenl study. J 59 See, ibid. At best, those students who were eager to learn, could only find basic education in the churches of Cephalonia. The parish priest was the teacher and reading and writing of ecclesiastical texts was the basic curriculum. This was a familiar tactic followed by his contemporaries. During Elias went to the island of Zakynthos to continue his teaching and preaching role in the Ionian islands. They had heard of his fame and abilities and wanted him to extend his teaching by oftering his services on their island.

The June 30th elections, however. M See, A. Some sources maintain that he was not appointed parish priest of the Saint George Church, in Venice.

He arrived in Constantinople during the summer of the same year and immediately began performing his duties as special advisor to the Venetian ambassador He quickly became known among the religious and political hierarchy due to this prestigious position and his manifold abilities. During , the Prince of 2u6 Moldavia Demetrios Kademir. J , p. Constantinople, where he continued his duties at the office of Lorenzo Sorantzo? Elias stayed in Constantinople, preaching, teaching and advising for a total period of seven years.

At the end of Sorantzo ‘ s term as Venetian ambassador to Constantinople, Elias returned to the Ionian islands with Carola Rutzini, the successor of Lorenzo Sorantzo.

Some of his biographers believe that his return to Cephalonia was due to. A Mar Athens, , pp. Ell; ro; EKaAA. OI crXoA. L narpIVf. TaruKI]’;’ p. Chronology of the present study. However, Elias always returned to Cephalonia. Both these reasons could have been paI1 of his decision to abandon such a prestigious position in Constantinople. From Cephalonia Elias traveled to Corfu again, where he continued preaching and teaching. He was so famous however, that, almost immediately, new missions began to appear.

He was humble and See, B. T ‘ a’taKlli;;. Especially during his term as preacher of Nauplion and Argos, Elias was attracting large crowds to attend his public speeches Further, it was there that Elias delivered most of his Italian speeches, since many Italians would regularly gather to hear his sermons and speeches in Nauplioll.

Th e C omlmttee. There were those who did not want him as their See, ibid.. See, A. See, 1. The format of this chapter will not reneet the exact aforementioned order. Rather, we will try to maintain a correct chronological order in our presentation, without isolating the facts and events from their general context.

Such segmentation could lead to potential misinformation of the reader Elias Meniates was born into a family of educated and faithful people The v. Fragescos had experienced the academic life and intensity of Flageneanon.

Further, this background offered v. Fragescos the ability to meet and socialize with the political and religious hierarchy of the times, especially in Venice and Cephalonia This is obvious from the direct involvement of, both, the Venetian authorities and the Metropolitan of Philadelphia, in Elias’ Here.

Elias was also a multilingual individual, a prerequisite for a diplomat even today. Finally, there are specific references about studies he made in Diplomacy and Political Science. IllS l. He was a See, K. See, B. He had an ‘above average ‘. Intellect and a compassIOnate. He smiled trequently and was generally pleasant, Despite his obvious academic level, he was humble throughout his life His pleasant personality and humble character made him popular at most social levels.

He maintains the interest of his audience – a. He also focused on the use of simple language, easy to understand by the majority of his audience The importance and role of Elias Meniates in the diplomatic arena began to take shape early in his life.

As we discussed in the previous chapter, Elias was first appointed teacher at the Flageneanon Institute in Venice at the age of twenty The Venetians were aware of Elias’ academic achievements and social background, They wanted someone like him in administrative positions.

M “‘ w,apUKlj:;, p, I ,. The vocabulary. MaC,;ap 1. Venice was attracting the academically inclined and the Venetian authorities could select their future allies and aides from there.

Elias’ diplomatic career began from his teaching position at this Institute. The Venetians, however, were not going to limit his usefulness and expertise only to teaching. Rather, they also suppol1ed and approved of his appointment as a preacher of the Saint George of the Hellenes in Venice ,, ,X This was a strategic appointment. Elias became the most important ecclesiastical rhetorician of his time and the post-Byzantine era in general.

So important was his role in the dlplomatic arena that he also helped in the achievement of some degree of protection oCthe Venetian State for the unoccupied areas of Hellas, at least in religious matters The Venetians did not even mind the sharing in one another’s worship between the Hellenes and the Latllls.

He preached the Orthodox life and tradition to his Roman Catholic audience as well. His personal position on issues of East and West relations and faith would surface later.

Mru,” was published by his father. We mentioned in previous chapters of this study that the Venetians also had their own agenda. Meniates managed to overcome this potential danger for Hellas. Because of his excellent relations with many Venetian Generals in the Ionian islands. General Molino employed Elias as a private tutor for his nephews. As abbot of the Petassona monastery Elias did not have to travel frequently.

The combination of the aforementioned abilities and virtues of Elias Meniates attracted the attention of the Moldavian Prince, Demetrios Kantemer 28 The Moldavian Prince requested Elias as his diplomatic representative to the Austrian Emperor, Leopold. Sorantzo accepted this request and sent Elias to Vienna during the year But inspite of his success and achievements there, Meniates decided to return to Cephalonia.

Hence, during Elias returned to See. Chronology of tlle present study 2d8. I’b’d 1 ” p. But his fame and diplomatic abilities could not be ignored for long. But it is known that the more Elias rejected the invitation to reside in Peloponessus, the more the Venetian leaders pressured him to accept. He was valuable to them, as much as he was valuable to the OI1! M “‘ asaralC11’;, p.

He gained the support ,Uld protection of the Venetian State. Further, his knowledge of the Italian language rendered him important for the local Italian residents ofNauplion and Argos: “H xapt. EtC; ‘to f.! One of the Italian speeches that are preserved until today is in honor of General Frangesco Grimani on the occasion of his departure from Peloponessus, after the end of his career there. His appointment, however, was again an act of the Venetian authorities. Marco Loredano, the successor of Frangesco Grimani, befriended Meniates in Peloponessus, and is responsible for Elias’ appointment as bishop of Kerneke and Kalavryta.

The Ecwnenical Patriarch had honored l1im. He was a capable preacher and a devoted teacher. He led the faithful skillfully, but he also knew the weaknesses of the Nation at those times. His diplomatic flexibility and his solid faith were his two main characteristics.

The visitor will find there Elias Meniates’ statue, a sign of honor and gratitude. His diplomatic efforts will be remembered as some of tile few ‘bright moments’ of Hellas, during those hard times.

His mission was short, but successful, and the author hopes that Bishop Elias Meniates will be remembered as such. It is, however, influential and rhetorically unique. Secondly, we will mention the involvement of his father in the publication of Elias’ works. Thirdly, a brief description of all available published works of Elias Meniates and the various known publications of these works will follow. Finally, we will be referring throughout this chapter to Elias’ legacy and critique.

Similarly to previous chapters. Elias Meniates did not publish any of his own works during his life. We only know of one exception that we will discuss later in this chapter.

Some of the scholars believe that Meniates did not publish many works. We discussed in the previous chapters that Elias preached and delivered public speeches frequently, everywhere he lived.

This was a difficult task, since he was collecting and working with complicated diagrams and outlines that Elias had used for his public speaking and preaching. These incomplete, collected works were processed by Fragescos Meniates and were then offered for publication. L11wapm; Athens. TO 6tKaA. ApYtlponouAoc;, p. Salaville maintains that the first publication of the t.

Tltis has been corrected since then. TIle title 0COI. It is nothing other than the selective reprinting of Elias Meniales’ publicalion of tlle!. B7 were produced in Thessaloniki, Hellas? TamKTj’;;, p. Tls, p. Since we do not find any bibliographical infonnation of Elias Meniates’ works dating after AaOW;, Athens, Athens, 1 52 , p.

The Romani’ill publication was produced during LeGrand had previously maintained tlmt the Romanian translation Imd been produced during He stands corrected here by S.

Punctuation is scarce and sentences continue for several lines. They reveal the rhetorical strength of Bishop Meniates.

J,z’; also see. AaliOt;, Athens, BouuepioTJC;, p. He was nineteen years of age, and still a student at Flageneanon This sermon is the oldest sermon of Elias Meniates that we have today. It has also been the focus of serious criticism against Meniates. Such similarities, however, can not be readily distinguished as plagiarism. Scoufos has been an influential rhetorician, one that Elias most likely studied and admired while he was a student at FJageneanon.

He was obviously influenced, but he is believed to be a more ‘complete’ rhetorician than Scoufos was. Furthermore, a substantial difference between Meniates and Scoufos is that, through their respective works. TImplvEJ-llC;, p. Xai Kal AoyOl, pp. AaOOl;, Athens, , p. IOC;; he lived between and see, H.

Boumpiollc;, p. He waH also a famous ecclesiastical rllelorician who lived in Venice. Tu’ttlKTjc;, p. Scoufos was never Elias’ Teacher at t1le Flageneanon see, B. Tatu1CJ1l; p. Important and influential rhetoricians emerged frequently during the era of the TOvpKoKparia.. They learned from each other, and ‘build on each other’s strengths. We know that he preached continuously, but the available bibliography does not offer any data regarding sermons from that period of his life, We do know, however, of a sermon he delivered during his stay in Constantinople.

We have it today under the title, On how we should honor feast days. J ,J Another sermon that Elias delivered in the church of Saint Nikolas in Lexourion on December 6 th has been also preserved until today.

There is available information showing that this sermon was delivered with a specific intent, namely to bring harmony among two relatives residing in Lexourion, who were ready to fight among themselves until death. Tradition has it that See, B. Aa5m;, Athens, Ma4apalGlc;, p. Elias’ sefmons and speeches were directed toward the hcm1s of his audience. He is remembered today as a mirac1e- worker, as well. He delivered his speech On Faith 36 during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus.

The other Italian speech preserved in the” tuouxui” has the title On Loving the Enemies. He also delivered this speech during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus. It was delivered on the occasion of :Molino’s departure from Cephalonia, during It is obvious to the reader that this speech had a diplomatic purpose, since it had several praising elements and rhetorical exaggerations referring to General Molino’s character and virtue. Grimani was also a Venetian General based in Peloponessus.

MT]Vtu’tllc;, EA. Mal;apulcrlC;, pp. This speech is very similar to the previous two, full of rhetorical exaggerations and an underlying diplomatic agenda?

General Loredano was the one who materialized the plan for the ordination of Meniates as Bishop in Peloponessus. He was also Elias’ close friend. The order that Elias followed in his sermons is similar to that of the ancient Hellenic philosopher, AnslOlle Specifically. And, finally, he l::nds his sermons with the Conclusion to strengthen the effect his message. This was his way of maintaining simplicity.

Ta:ralOlC;, p. K6c;, vol. Bishop Meniates does not hesitate to criticize injustice and evil. He believes that Christian virtue can only be based on the assimilation of our lives with the Orthodox Faith. It is this belief that makes him a strict judge of any form of evil. He also continuously criticizes the injustice of the Ottoman Empire toward Hellas. He believes that words can not lead man to salvation without positive action..

This was one of the methods that helped Meniates address his See, B. Tu’tlixTlc;, pp. Tm:lixTlc;, p. Mll J’tpOO11l-! As we have discussed in earlier chapters, this was one of his diplomatic.

State’ During , the v rev. The publication of the “TIe-rpa!

❿