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Oyster shells from many prehistoric shell middens were directly dated. Figure 3 suggests differences between shell and wood charcoal dates. Shell dates were consistently older than wood charcoal dates, possibly biasing chronological patterns with numerous spuri- ous dates in this small sample. Non-shell samples magnify the increase of radiocarbon dates during the Late Woodland period Figure 3. Figure 4 is a West Virginia sample of dates Trader Albans site. Bifurcate Base points ranged between and BP.

Shifts to maize agriculture occurred earlier in the Ohio River valley than in the Chesapeake Bay area and New England. Figure 5 presents a large sample of dates from Pennsylvania Herbstritt Herbstritt reported cultural periods rather than specific artifact types associated with radiocarbon dates.

Herbstritt’s cultural periods approached normal uni-modal distributions for date frequencies. The Paleo-Indian period ended by approximately BP.

The Early Archaic might have extended to BP. Early Woodland to Late Woodland periods tended to overlap in time. The overall Pennsylvania pattern suggested punctuated increases and then stabil- ity for the numbers of dates over time from the Paleo-Indian through Middle Archaic periods and again during the Late-Terminal Archaic through Middle Woodland periods.

West Virginia dates after Trader and selected point types. Woodland dates was evident after BP. Similar to date sequences to the south of Pennsylvania, the dramatic increase of Late Woodland dates might reflect the adoption of maize agriculture, marking both sedentary villages and population increases. Recently, Smith focused attention on the Middle to Late Woodland transition to maize agri- culture in southern Ontario.

Southern Ontario cultural phases were examined from radiocarbon dates between and BP Figure 6. This is currently the earliest verified date for maize macro-botanical rather than pollen evidence in Eastern North America outside of the Mississippi-Ohio River drainage e.

Smith suggests that early maize BP might have been traded into the southern Ontario, or was part ofa mixed hunting-gather- ing-fishing-horticultural subsistence economy. Relatively low frequencies of Middle Woodland dated sites indicate population stability among southern Ontario hunter-gatherers until after BP, when a large increase of radiocarbon dates indicated expansion of agricultural villages among Early Ontario Iroquoians.

The dramatic increase of Early Ontario lroquoian dates after BP was consistent with the chronology for agriculture from the Middle Atlantic region to the south. A comparative list of radiocarbon dates from northern New England has recently been published for New Hampshire Gengras The New Hampshire sample included dates from 38 sites Figure 7. This study did not report associated artifacts or cultigens, but instead listed dated sites by river systems.

The total New Hampshire sample demonstrated relative continuity of radiocarbon dates from the Paleo- Indian period at the Whipple site through the Middle Archaic periods. A smaller Late Woodland mode occurred at BP. Pennsylvania dates after Herbstritt and cultural periods. Southern Ontario dates after Smith and cultural phases. New Hampshire dates after Gengras and geographic regions. Late Woodland dates were more common along the Connecticut River than within other New Hampshire river systems Figure 7.

Agriculture was probably not as important to Late Woodland people in the colder, mountainous areas of New Hampshire as farther south or at lower elevations of the Connecticut River valley. However, small sample sizes from most New Hampshire rivers affect interpre- tations of regional variability within the radiocarbon chronology.

Figure 8 summarizes Hoffman’s sequence of dates from Massachusetts. Massachusetts dates maintained a bi-modal distribution similar to the New Hampshire sample. There were relatively few dates from the Paleo-Indian through the Middle Archaic periods in Massachusetts.

Dated sites became more common at BP, and reached a peak at approximately BP. Numbers of dates increased during the Late Woodland after BP. Agriculture might not have been as important among New England populations as among Late Woodland people to the south and west.

Hoffman’s study provided contexts for associated projectile point types in Massachusetts Figure 8. Typological problems might be indicated by the broad time ranges among many projectile point types.

Note that Hoffman often reported several artifact types within a five-meter distance from a radiocarbon sample.

Similarly, Squibnocket triangular and stemmed points included two periods of popularity, during the Late Archaic and again during the Middle to Late Woodland. Squibnocket points might have been a generalized biface form rather than a chronologically diagnostic projectile point type. The Massachusetts chronology suggested that during the Late Archaic, Laurentian Tradition notched points preceded and later coexisted with Narrow Point e.

Many of the Late Archaic projectile point types persisted through the Early Woodland, although with substantially fewer associated radiocarbon dates. The persistence of projectile point types in Massachusetts raises questions about the validity or importance of the long-held cultural- chronological division between Archaic and Woodland Stages in New England Hoffman The boundary between the Archaic and Woodland Stages has been one of the major chronological divisions within Northeastern archaeology for at least the past 50 years.

The division was based on the presumed presence or absence of ceramics, marking a major material change and possible adaptive changes within prehistoric societies.

Steatite vessels were among the principal attributes defined by Ritchie for the Transitional Archaic Stage. Steatite vessels were believed to have preceded pottery in Northeastern North America.

This model was reinforced by steatite-tempered pottery from Chesapeake Bay, often having vessel forms similar to steatite bowls e. Relationships are problematic between introduction of pottery and development of complex social organ- ization, especially in areas beyond the areas of Adena influence. Adaptive advantages of ceramics andlor burial ceremonialism are questions that require long term archaeological studies, although the chronology for Archaic to Woodland material changes has been addressed Hoffman Hoffman has recently compiled dates from New England and adjacent areas for earliest ceramics Vinette I, Vinette II and Point Peninsula ceramics , steatite and native copper artifacts.

Figure 9 presents frequency curves for dates associated with these artifacts between approximately and BP. Vinette [ pottery was rare in New England until after BP. At this time, dates associated with Vinette [ pottery increased in southern New England. Massachusetts dates after Hoffman and selected point types. Archaic-Woodland Transition after Hoffman and major artifacts. Dates for steatite bowls and copper grave goods were far more common in southern New England after BP than in northern New England.

Steatite bowls and copper have been found in several cremation burials in Connecticut McBride ; Pfeiffer In summary, Hoffman’s study completely obscures the former division between the Archaic and Woodland cultural stages by extending the history of ceramics much farther into the Late Archaic than formerly accepted, and by positing the earlier appearance of ceramics than steatite vessels in New England.

Figure 10 presents temporal trends among major projectile point types, ceramics, steatite, cremation burials, and cultigens in Connecticut from this study see Table I. Sites such as Lewis-Walpole contained Paleo-Indian to Middle Archaic artifacts, but features had little datable charcoal Starbuck This terminal Middle Archaic date in Connecticut is consistent with the Pennsylvania Herbstritt and Massachusetts Hoffman chronologies and appears to correspond with the end of the hot-dry Atlantic Climatic Phase Hypsithermal as defined in Connecticut McWeeney These Late Archaic projectile point traditions overlap in time Figure Cremation burials were associated with different Late Archaic traditions in Connecticut.

Many of the radiocarbon dates referred to by Hoffman in his study of steatite and early pottery in New England derived from Connecticut archaeological sites. This is a shorter time span than reported for Small-stemmed and Squibnocket points in Massachusetts Hoffrnan Jack’s Reef points have not yet been dated in Connecticut. The Late Woodland is marked by nearly simultaneous appearances of Levanna triangular points and cultigens.

Narrow-stem, Lamoka, Wading River. Modes for dated maize and Levanna points both occur at approximately BP. The appearance of maize in Connecticut is therefore only approximately years later than at Chesapeake Bay, but – years later than in Southern Ontario, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Figures II and 12 standardize frequency curves as per- centages of dates per years for New England states and Middle Atlantic states, respectively.

Radio- carbon dates are relatively rare throughout the entire Northeast until approximately BP, suggesting relatively small Native American population levels from Paleo-Indian through Middle Archaic times. Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Hampshire patterns are nearly identical, with low percentages of dates before BP, dramatic increases of dates during the Late and Terminal Archaic periods between and BP, reduced percentages of dates during the Early and Middle Woodland periods between and BP, and Late Woodland increases of dates between and BP.

The Middle Atlantic pattern exhibits gradual increases of dates through the entire Archaic period. Early Woodland Adena increases are recognizable between and BP, but are accompanied by a brief decreases of dates between and BP.

Late Woodland dates are far more common in the Middle Atlantic than in New England, probably indicating earlier shifts toward maize agriculture between and BP, and greater population growth and settlement nucleation than in New England. Clearly, Late and Terminal Archaic population increases in Connecticut and elsewhere in New England provide a significant research topic.

If Late Woodland populations were responding to increased agricultural productivity, then the Late Archaic mode for radiocarbon dates and possibly related popula- tion increases might also be related to subsistence changes. Many wetlands maintained lower water levels.

Charred plant remains in swamp cores suggested greater fire frequency in wetlands during this period. These climatic changes probably led to a recharging water tables and wetlands, as well as greater fluvial river-stream flow.

One explanation for Late Archaic population increases might be a florescence of Atlantic fisheries, particularly the exploitation of prodigious spring spawning runs of sturgeon, Atlantic salmon, shads, and other anadromous fish. Large archaeological sites along rivers and streams should indicate fishing, especially at falls and rapids where large numbers of fish might have been caught with weirs or nets. The Western Uplands and Central Valley show the greatest increases of Late Archaic dates, which might reflect extensions of fish spawning ranges into new upstream habitats after the dry Atlantic Climatic Phase.

Conversely, the Northeast Highlands are mostly beyond the ranges of anadromous fish, and only small increases of Late Archaic radiocarbon dates have been noted in this region Figure 2. Nicholas emphasized the immense productivity of wetland habitats in Connecticut.

Wetland root crops have the potential to support large hunter-gatherer populations Reeve and Siegel Root crops such as arrowheads Alismataceae , arrow arums Araceae , lilies Liliaceae , and groundnuts Apiaceae are nearly invisible in the archeobotanical record. Ethnographically, tuckahoe, or bread roots, were important to subsistence among Eastern Algonquians, and many modem place names preserve this cultural ecological heritage. Earthoven cooking could prepare large root crop harvests, and the technology was critical for detoxifying many species of root crops.

Feature soils could contain evidence of rootcrops, or more likely, vegetation layered to protect and steam the food. For example, Captain John Smith gave a detailed description of earthoven cooking during the early seventeenth century, probably for the preparation of Peltandra virginica or Sagittaria spp. It groweth like a flagge in the Marishes. In one day a Salvage will gather sufficient for a weeke.

These roots are much of the greatness and taste of Potatoes. They use to cover a great many of them with Oke leaves and Ferne, and then cover all with earth in the manner of a Colepit; OVerit, on each side, they continue a great fire for 24 hours before they dare eat it. Raw it is no better then poyson, and being roasted, except it be tender and heat abated, or sliced and dryed in the Sunne, mixed with sorrell and meale or such like, it will prickle and torment the throat extremely, and yet in sommer they use this ordinarilly for bread Smith Earth oven technology has been documented at least since the Late Archaic in Connecticut, such as at the Lewis- Walpole site Starbuck In the Middle Atlantic region, McLearen observed that fire-cracked rock features were the most common type of archaeological feature from the Late Archaic through the Middle Woodland.

Increases of Late Archaic radiocarbon dates might reflect the introduction of a new technology, as well as exploitation of new resources or habitats. A quantitative study of fire- cracked rock feature types might provide new insights into subsistence and demographic patterns in Connecticut.

No substantial environmental changes have been described during the Early and Middle Woodland periods that might account for this fluctuation among radiocarbon dates. Although ceramic technology appeared during the Late or Terminal Archaic periods, ceramics became common at archaeological sites during the Early Woodland and Middle Woodland in New England. As noted above, the adaptive advantages of ceramic technologies are not obvious but might have involved social rather than demographic advantages smaller rather than larger populations.

In fact, Levi- Strauss concluded his monumental study of North American and Amazonian mythology with the observation that ceramics and earth oven cooking technologies conjoined entirely different cosmological paradigms. Adoption of Woodland ceramics might represent a significant ideological change that extended to use of new resources e. George and Dewar have proposed the possible use of small seed plants such as Chenopodium, mimicking the Eastern Agricultural Complex of the Ohio Valley and Midwest.

If these hypotheses are correct, then seed grinding technologies should be increasingly common at Early and Middle Woodland ceramic sites. One of the major conclusions of this study is that radiocarbon dates, and probably also human populations, increased during the Late Woodland with the adoption of maize agriculture.

Maize might not have been as significant to prehis- toric subsistence in New England as in the Middle Atlantic region. Apparently, Late Woodland population increases were less pronounced in New England than in regions to the south.

Obviously, a great deal of additional research and radiometric dating must be conducted before these and other hypotheses deriving from the Connecticut radiocarbon chronology can be verified. Nicholas Bellantoni, Connecticut State Archaeologist, hunted down site numbers and provided access to site files and reports. Harold Juli of Connecticut College, Dr. Michael Raber of Raber Associates, Dr. Thank you all for your cooperation and generous help. Bendremer, Jeffrey C. North American Archaeologist 12 4 Aldine, Chicago.

Boyce, Hettie L. Brose, David S. Fitting, pp. Cassedy, Daniel F. Ecology 50 3 Dincauze, Dina F. Peabody Museum, Cambridge. American Antiquity 36 2 : Peabody Museum Monographs, No. Man in the Northeast 22 3 : North American Archaeologist 2 3 : In Integrating Appalachian Archaeology. Internet file. Fiedel, Stuart J. North American Archaeologist II 3 American Antiquity 64 1 Fitting, James E. American Antiquity 33 Plenum Press, New York. Gayes, Paul T. Journal of Coastal Research II Gengras, Justine B.

The New Hampshire Archeologist 36 I David R. Dewar Prehistoric Chenopodium in Connecticut. Paper presented at the Conference on Archeobotany in the Northeast. Heckenberger, Michael J. Archaeology of Eastern North America Pennsylvania Archaeologist 58 2 : 1- Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 39 I Northeastern Anthropology Johnson, Frederick ed.

Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology 3. Brian D. Jones, Brian. Public Archaeology Survey Team. Storrs, CT. Museum of Science, Springfield, MA. Juli, Harold D. The Connecticut College Arboretum, Bulletin New London, CT. Northeast Anthropology Kingsley, Robert G.

John Milner Associates, Inc. North American Archaeologist 8 I Prepared for United International Corp. Harper and Row, New York. Lewis, Ralph S. Journal of Coastal Research Public Archaeology Survey Team, Inc. Uconn CHPC American Antiquity 13 3 McBride, Kevin A.

Man in the Northeast Public Archaeology Survey Team, lnc. Report prepared for the Connecticut Department of Transportation. McBride, K. Wadleigh, and R.

Archaeology Research Monographs I. McGhee, Robert, and James A. Reinhart and M. Hodges, pp. Special Publication No. Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond. Moeller, Roger W. Occasional Paper No. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 7: I Nicholas, George P. Imprint, West Hartford, CT.

Parkos, Joseph The M. Site, A Preliminary Report. Pfeiffer, John E. Raber, Michael S. Report prepared for Southern Auto Sales, Inc. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology Reeve, Stuart A. Riley, Thomas J. Current Anthropology 31 5 Ritchie, William A. Ritchie, William A, and Robert E. Funk Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. Robertson, James A. Smith, Carlyle S. Bulletin of the Archaeological Societv of Connecticut 21 Smith, David G.

Macmillan, NY. Academic Press, NY. Starbuck, David R. The New Hampshire Archaeologist Stuiver, M. Long, and R. Kra editors Calibration. University of Arizona, Tucson.

Suess, R. Olsson, pp. Nobel Symposium Willy lnterscience, New York. Suggs, Robert C. Thompson, David H. Tryon, Christian A. Walwer, Gregory F. Prepared for Sasaki Associates, Inc. Prepared for the New Milford Building Committee.

Whittall, James P. Early Sites Research Society Bulletin 18 1 Wiegand, Ernest A. Norwalk Community Technical College. Ziac, Delacy c. While the quantity of artifacts dating to this period has increased in the past twenty years, the diversity has not. Statements about Paleo-Indian culture history, lifeways, and cultural processes are the same now as they were two decades ago. Have archaeologists learned all there is to know about Paleo-Indians, or are they still laboring under fallacious stereotypes and self-fullfilling prophesies?

The second begins where the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of Paleo- Indian sites in Connecticut specifically and the Northeast in general ends. I have been watching the archaeology of Eastern Paleo-Indian mature during the past 30 years from when Debert MacDonald and Bull Brook Jordan were the best and the brightest hopes for understanding man’s entrance into the Northeast.

The proliferation of new sites, more abundant and reliable dates, and vastly improved technology for excavation and analysis should have honed our interpre- tations of Paleo-Indian lifeways and cultural processes to a point only dimly imagined by the first researchers Moeller a.

Although my future excavation days are numbered in single digits, and I do not expect to have the opportunity to delve deeply into any Paleo-Indian analyses, I have a few comments on what I believe are fruitful and fruitless theoretical avenues. Lithic sourcing, environmental reconstruction, and artifact analysis have one thing in common: context.

The only place to begin the interpretation of Paleo-Indian settlement systems is with guaranteed Paleo-Indian artifacts, ecofacts, and features. Starting with mixed contexts, multi-component surface collections, deflated features, tree-throw pits, and non-diagnostic artifacts will produce useless results which merely re-enforce the false stereotypes Moeller The most pervasive stereotypes in Paleo-Indian studies begin with lithics and the environment.

Stereotype 1: Paleo-Indians used only the best cryptocrystalline lithics regardless of the distance they had to travel to obtain them. Stereotype 2: The people were living in a peri-glacial tundra, or at best, taiga environment.

All researchers should consider very carefully any pronouncements or assump- tions in these realms which preclude the use ofnon-cryptocrystalline lithics and the occupation of habitable oases.

After several years of careful artifact analysis and research, the monograph, 6LF A Paleo-Indian Site in Western Connecticut, was published in I had never expected to find a Paleo-Indian component during the first season of excavation. A field school and teaching situation with only a few experienced staff are not the best circumstances for con- fronting something absolutely unique. The few fluted points previously known from the state were stray finds in surface collections or lacked definitive, subsurface, in situ associations.

I decided to institute very rigid controls on data recovery and cataloging rather than to delay the excavation until a better plan could be developed. In the first season we uncovered a deeply buried, undisturbed, single-occupation, activity area of about 43 square meters. A wide variety of artifacts for woodworking, bone working, hide working, tool manufacturing, food processing, and hunting were found.

These artifacts included a fluted point, drill, gravers, graving spurs, knives, scrapers, utilized flakes, medial thinning “channel” flakes, retouched flakes, miniature points, bifacial thinning flakes, cores, spokeshave, hammerstones, bifacial rejects, and debitage of chert, jasper, quartz, and quartzite. Ecofacts included calcined bone and wood charcoal from red oak and either juniper or white cedar.

A carbon date of 10, B. W- was obtained from a probable post mold Moeller The stratigraphic layer containing the Paleo-Indian component was clearly distinguishable from the Woodland and Archaic period layers above it.

The upper layers were a far looser, larger-grained sand. The denser, clay-coated sand was darker and retained moisture more readily. A thin lens of culturally sterile sand separated the Archaic component from the Paleo-Indian component. We found no instances of artifact migration into or out of the sealed Paleo-Indian component.

The first cultural indication of the Paleo-Indian layer was chert debitage. The chipping debris spanned the complete debitage spectrum from water-polished cortical chunks to fine shatter. Debitage increased in frequency by each arbitrary level, reached a maximum, and then decreased in nearly every excavation unit.

Fitting pieces of medial thinning flakes and the fluted point were found horizontally close, but vertically separated. Tool manufacture, use, and discard were occurring in the same location. From this evidence I concluded that this was a minimally disturbed, single occupation site. The artifacts were originally deposited over a very short period of time on the surface of the soil lens and were gradually migrating vertically downward.

The bottom layer of the site was covered with very large cobbles. The horizontal boundaries of the component could not be identified. On the river side of the site was a small comer with no cobbles and no chert debitage. Opposite this on the inland side the lens was thinning sharply and was expected to merge with the Archaic and Woodland components. But we still had the ends parallel to the river where the debitage counts were still very high. Flotation was employed minimally and arbitrarily to search for something associated with the debi- tage Moeller The bits of calcined bone were very tiny, and the charcoal did not look good enough for identification.

Complete columns would have been better than grab samples taken arbitrarily. The cobble zone is part of an alluvial fan of high-energy stream-transported, water-sorted, glacially derived materials. The stream adjacent to the site had once flowed more than 10, years ago where we were excavating.

Its course changed to its present location less than 50 years ago. Early maps and our test pits suggest it has been in many locations across the field. We sidestepped the question of how it was being forced to various locations and focused on the impact of this on the human occupation of the site.

We concluded that the site was preserved because the tip of the cobble fan deflected the primary erosive force of the river to the far bank. The site on the near bank was protected once it had been formed. But this part of the explanation for its preservation does not explain its formation. The logical source of the chert was upriver. Subsequent surface collections two miles north of the site included chert debitage.

No outcrops were ever found, but my research interest was piqued. This excavation exposed a major activity area densely populated by chert debitage and expended tools. Paleo-Indians are credited throughout the Northeast with only using high quality, exotic lithics, so we did not expect to break new ground here. We had found what we expected to and expected to continue to find the same in future work.

The scant pieces of wood charcoal from red oak and juniper or white cedar suggested a richer environment. The potential for deciduous econiches or a mosaic environment with very diverse resources in close proximity at 10, years ago in New England was denied completely by other researchers in We found the grid north edge of the old excavation block and laid out the excavation units. The flotation process went very smoothly, but where was the chert debi- tage and calcined bone from the deep levels?

Where was all the quartz shatter coming from? Where were the large pieces and amounts of chert debitage? Something had changed radically for unknown reasons. If the cobbles had not appeared exactly where they should have, I would have thought I was in the wrong field. Toward the end of the excavation, things finally began to make sense. The first season’s block encountered a very large, atypically dense, lithic reduction activity area, and we fortuitously excavated almost the entire thing without realizing we had hit the boundaries of it.

Because it was the result of a short term, single occupation, it was not scattered and diffuse, but highly concentrated. Rather than gradually ending, it ended abruptly. The continuation of the excavation block five years later yielded another set of activity areas which was not as dense, not consisting entirely of chert, and possibly not contemporaneous with the first.

No overlap of any kind was ever recognized. No fitting artifacts were found between the separately excavated blocks even though the blocks came within 2 em of overlapping. We could have been investigating activity areas of a second group of knappers who could see the first or who never even knew that others had or would occupy this section of the floodplain. This was still Paleo-Indian and in the same type of soil matrix, but how close in time is unknown.

On the positive side, we knew that the distribution of objects at a Paleo-Indian site should not be expected to be continuous or even uniform, Constant volume 10 liters flotation samples from the same half quadrant of each level and each square starting from the base of the topsoil, through the Woodland and Archaic components, through the sterile zone and the Paleo-Indian levels, and into the cobble zone were collected to better study the associ- ation of artifacts, debitage, and ecofacts.

The flotation samples provided proof of something suspected for a long time. Paleo-Indians used locally available lithics even if they were of quality as poor as the vein quartz found in these levels. Archaeologists working on disturbed Paleo-Indian or multi-component sites could easily dismiss poor quality lithics as being post-Paleo-Indian. At Templeton one can see the consis- tent distribution of quartz in flotation columns and in activity areas securely within the sealed zone.

This poor material is not only Paleo, but they are using expedient quartz flakes and unfinished formal tools. The flotation columns revealed small concentrations of tiny edge-damaged quartz flakes and worn, utilized quartz flakes lacking any retouching. The quartz reduction areas horizontally overlapped the chert ones, but the utilization was taking place elsewhere. The same is true for the chert implements in the second excavation block.

Expended tools are not associated with the primary reduction debitage. The lithic sources are decidedly local, but are not limited to a lustrous black chert. Quartzite, quartz, and jasper chunks and water worn cobbles were found on the cobble fan and in the surrounding sandy matrix.

Jeff Kalin, an experimental archaeologist who lives less than 10 miles from the site, has a huge jasper boulder on his property. North of the site in western Massachusetts, David Parrat reported a jasper quarry, which was actually many boulders.

There is no reason to think that every piece of jasper has come from the Pennsylvania quarries. Jasper occurs in Vermont and could easily have been glacially transported into the Housatonic River and other drainages. There is also no reason to think that archaeologists know all the lithic sources.

Indians could easily have completely exploited small outcrops or scavanged the larger cobbles. These people needed stone tools to survive regardless of the source or quality of the stone. At the ends of the continuum we had a 10,year-old deposit at roughly the same depth as a year-old one.

There had to be a geological explanation, a disconformity to explain what had happened. The children and grandchildren were farmers, landholders and lumbermen. Of the many who removed to Maine, after the Revolution, most engaged in lumbering, but turned their attention also to milling and storekeeping. The family have also shown a military tendency, and during the various wars visited upon the country since the early colonial times, this family has borne its full share of the dangers, toils and expense.

My mother was born in Machias, Maine, Oct. My father was a prominent business man, and was engaged in shipping and mercantile pursuits, he owning vessels that plied from St. Johns to Machias and other American ports. To facilitate his business, St. Johns was his home four years, during which time he was associated with William Henry Carman.

This temporary residence and business association account for my being born on British soil, and for the names by which I was christened. According to the record in the old family Bible, I was born at St. Johns, New Brunswick, June 22, When I was five years old my parents moved to Tamworth, New Hampshire.

Young as I was, I am still able to recall events that occurred while I lived in Canada. I remember falling into a well and being badly bruised. I remember also an adventure with a bear.

My parents had gone to church, leaving me at home, greatly against my will. I attempted to follow, but missed the road and wandered off into a wood, perhaps three miles [Pg x] away.

When my parents returned they were much alarmed, and parties immediately went in pursuit. When I knew I was lost I set up a vigorous screaming, which had the effect of attracting attention from two very different parties.

The first was a huge bear in quest of food, and doubtless delighted at the prospect before him. The second was one of the rescuing parties in quest of the lost boy. Both simultaneously approached the screaming youngster and Bruin fought stubbornly for his prey, but was vanquished by the clubs of my rescuers, and I was carried home in triumph. I do not clearly recall all the incidents of this scene, and, strangely enough, do not remember seeing the bear. Perhaps the terror of being lost drove out every other impression.

An excuse for the narration of this apparently trifling incident may be found in the fact that but for the prompt arrival of the rescuing party, this history would never have been written. When I was ten years of age my parents removed to Bloomfield, Maine. While in Tamworth I had excellent opportunities of attending school, which I improved to the utmost.

After leaving Tamworth my school privileges were well nigh ended, as I never received from that time more than six months’ schooling. My father followed lumbering on the Kennebec river. During the first winter in Maine, he took me to the logging camp as camp boy. During the second winter he hired me to Matthew and Lewis Dunbar as a cook for their wood camp. I cooked for six men and received five dollars a month. I was used very kindly by the Dunbars, but that winter in the woods seemed a long, long winter.

The only book in camp was the Bible. There were, however, newspapers and playing cards. In the spring my father used the fifteen dollars received for my three months’ work to purchase a cow. I served the Dunbars the third winter, as cook, for six dollars a month, and worked the ensuing summer on farms at about twenty-five cents per day.

During the fourth winter I worked for the Dunbars and Timothy Snow at seven dollars per month, and the summer following worked on a farm for Benjamin Cayford at seven dollars. Cayford was a merciless tyrant, and sometimes compelled his men to work in the field till nine o’clock at night. These details of wages paid and work done, uninteresting in themselves, serve to show the value of a boy’s work I was not yet fifteen and [Pg xi] what was expected of the average boy, for mine was no exceptional case nor was my father more exacting than others in his station in life.

He was in poor health, and had a large family of boys. We were eight in number, and of these I was one of the most robust and able to assist in the support of the family. This year I persuaded my father to sell me my time, which amounted to five years, which he reluctantly did, accepting two hundred and fifty dollars as an equivalent. It was my ambition to go West. Horace Greeley had not uttered the talismanic words, “Go West, young man,” but I believed that by going West I would be better able to advance my own interests and assist my parents.

My father signed the necessary paper relinquishing my time, which was printed in the Skowhegan Clarion. From this time until I was nineteen years old I worked on the river and on farms, worked continuously and beyond my strength.

I worked another summer for Cayford, but have no pleasant recollections of him, for on his farm I was sadly overworked, being often called to work before sunrise and kept at work after sunset. I worked two winters cooking in the woods for Capt. Asa Steward, of Bloomfield, one of the best men I ever served, a kind hearted, honest Christian.

He gave me good counsel and good wages besides. In the fall of I went into the woods to work for Capt. Snow, of Madison. Like Cayford, he was a merciless tyrant and abusive to his men. I left his camp before my engagement closed, not being able to endure his abuse longer. This is the only time in which I failed to keep a labor engagement. I finished the winter with Capt. Asa Steward, but my eyes became so inflamed from the smoke of the camp that I was obliged to abandon cooking.

During this winter occurred an incident that came near having a serious and even fatal termination. There were three of us, Simeon Goodrich, Jimmie Able and myself, who went down the Kennebec to the Forks, a distance of twelve miles from camp. A deep, damp snow had fallen the night previous, and through this snow, reaching above our knees, we trudged wearily till Able gave out.

We carried him a short distance, but becoming exhausted ourselves, laid him down in the snow. To remain with him would be to imperil the lives of all; by hurrying on we might be able to send a party to bring him in. We carefully [Pg xii] made for him a bed of fir boughs and placed loose garments over him and under him, and as he was sick, weak and faint, gave him a draught of liquid opodeldoc, and leaving the bottle with him, hurried on.

We traveled the last mile through an opening. Snow drifted deeply. We dragged our bodies through the drifts in the direction of a glimmering light, which proved to be Sturgis’ hotel, which we reached at 11 o’clock p. A team was sent back immediately for the lost Able by a road of which we knew nothing. The rescuing party met him trudging along with all his baggage. The opodeldoc had revived him, and he had traveled a full mile when he met the rescuing party.

At two o’clock the team returned bringing the lost wayfarer. Another adventure terminated more disastrously than this. In the spring of I was employed in taking logs across Moosehead lake. The logs were in booms, and were moved by a capstan and rope. This was before the days of steamboats, and the moving of the booms was no light task.

On this occasion a gale of wind struck us and drifted us across the lake. We threw out an anchor, hoping to check the course of the boom and swing it into Cowan’s bay.

In one of our throws the anchor tripped, or caught fast, and suddenly tightened the line. Our whole crew were in an instant hurled headlong. Some were thrown into the water. One man Butler had his ribs broken. All were more or less injured. The capstan went overboard. The old boom swung on and on, and, passing Spencer’s bay, broke and went to pieces on the shore. The logs were with great difficulty regathered, but were finally brought to the outlet of the lake July 4th, the last raft of the season.

After river driving in the spring of , I went to the Penobscot river and found employment at twenty dollars a month at East Great Works, building a dam. John Mills, our superintendent, was a good man. There was a lyceum here, the first I ever attended. In December I returned to the Kennebec, and in the spring of went to Dead river to drive, but an attack of the measles and general ill health, with symptoms of pulmonary derangement, compelled me to abandon the work.

I had lived nine years on the Kennebec, years of hard labor and exertion beyond my strength, and in that time had earned enough to pay my father two hundred and fifty dollars. I had been able to purchase a small library, and had two hundred dollars in cash to defray my expenses to the West.

There are some things he can not forget. They may not be an essential part of his own life history, but still they have found a place in his mind and seem a part of himself, and he recurs to them again and again with ever increasing delight.

There are other things, may be, not so pleasant to dwell upon, which still have a place in his memory and may be profitably recalled. No one who has ever lived in Maine can forget its dark pine forests, its rugged hills, its rushing streams, cold and clear as crystal, its broad lakes, the abundant game of its forests and the fish in its waters.

The Minnesota and Wisconsin pioneers, who with the author of this book claim Maine as an early home, will not object to the insertion in this chapter of a few of these reminiscences. Moosehead Lake. At that time it was still in the wilderness, only two settlers having found their way to its shores. We were going with a six ox team to a camp on the Brasua and our road led us across the frozen lake.

Emerging from a beech and maple grove on the margin near Haskell’s, our sled plunged downward, and in a moment we found ourselves on the gray ice of the lake, with a wonderful panorama spread out before us. The distant islands and the shores, hilly and mountainous, stood out plainly between the winter sky and the ice covered lake. The mirage added its finishing touches to the picture, increasing the brightness and apparent size of distant objects, or lending them brilliant hues, the whole scene sparkling in the frosty sunlit air, making a vision of beauty that could not fade.

On we trudged over the ice, the sled creaking, the ice emitting a roaring sound, not unlike the discharge of a park of artillery, sounds produced by the expansion of the ice.

We trudged on past islands and craggy, rock-bound shores, passed Burnt Jacket, Squaw and Moxey mountains in the east, Lily and Spencer bays at the southeast, Misery and other mountains in the west, while far away to the north of east towered white old Katahdin. Before us loomed up the flint rock Kinneo, its perpendicular face fronting west, on the lake; at the base a beautiful maple interval extending toward Spencer bay.

The following spring our boom lay wind-bound at the base of Kinneo, and we seized the opportunity of climbing the vast pile of flinty rocks composing it, and obtained thence a view of unparalleled beauty, including the broad, bright lake, fairy islands, mountains and hills and vast stretches of pine forests. The tourist might seek far and wide, vainly, for a landscape rivaling this. Moose Hunting. The lake abounds in fish, of which the lake trout is the most abundant in number and delicious in flavor.

Specimens are frequently taken weighing from ten to fifteen pounds. The forests at that time abounded in wild animals, chief of which was the moose, the largest and the homeliest of the deer family.

With his long, narrow head, small eyes, donkey-like ears, pendant lips, the upper one curling like a small proboscis, with his high shoulders and giraffe-like hips, with his short, round body, long and clumsy legs, he is as distinguished for his want of grace and comeliness as the red deer is for its presence. No animal is better adapted for its own home and mode of life. Their heavy coat of hair adapts them to high latitudes. With their curved upper lip they take hold of the branches of the trees, and with their strong teeth and paws they are able to peel off the tender bark of saplings and small trees.

The moose, when attacked, is fierce, resolute, defiant, and defends himself in a masterly manner, striking with his fore legs with such precision that the hunter is obliged to keep at a respectful distance. The male moose wears a remarkable pair of horns of annual growth, to which each year a prong is added.

The home of the moose is the northern part of the North Temperate Zone. Moose hunting is a healthy though laborious pastime. The hunter must be an expert, and it requires years of practice to become skillful.

He must build his camp in the wilderness, packing thither his food, blankets, camp utensils and gun. With his pack of dogs he starts out in search of a moose yard. This is generally in some well timbered district. The snow in winter is generally from three to six feet deep, but the moose has broken paths through this to facilitate his movements through the forest, and here he roams about in fancied security, browsing on the young shrubs, but the hunter finds his hiding place.

In such case he conceals himself in the snow near one of these [Pg xv] paths and waits patiently till the moose passes, when he fires upon him. If the moose is killed at once the hunter waits patiently in his hiding place till another and another comes up to share a like fate. If the moose is only wounded he starts off as rapidly through the snow as his long legs will carry him, pursued by the hunter and his dogs. The hunter has all the advantages of the position, being mounted on snowshoes, thus being able to move with comparative swiftness, while the moose plunges heavily through the snow, and at last, weakened by loss of blood, he is overtaken and easily killed.

Mount Bigelow. For years it had been my strong desire to make the ascent, and in May, , the desire was gratified.

With six others, I left camp, and by evening reached Green’s hotel, where we obtained lodgings for the evening. At early dawn, having supplied ourselves with lunch, tin cup and hatchet, we began the ascent on the northeast side.

We soon passed the thrifty timber and aided our ascent of the craggy sides of the mountain by clinging to the shrubs that found roothold in the crevices of the rocks. It may not be amiss to say that we rested, that we rested frequently, for mountain climbing is no light work for those unaccustomed to it. While toiling wearily upward we found ourselves enveloped in mist, or a cloud, from which we soon emerged to find the heavens above us clear and bright, while leaden clouds shut out the landscape below.

At twelve o’clock, noon, we were on the summit. By this time the clouds had been dispersed. The air was clear and cold and beneath us lay, as in a beautiful panorama, the lands and lakes of Maine. There are two peaks, about half a mile apart, between which is a valley and a small lake. From the highest of these peaks the view was magnificent. In the far north we imagined we saw Canada.

The vast, northern expanse was all unoccupied save by a few farms at the foot of the mountain, and by a few camps of lumbermen, hunters and trappers. Looking to the northeast, we saw in the blue distance, glittering with snow drifts, Mount Katahdin.

A little north of the divide line to Katahdin lay Moosehead lake, the largest, most beautiful lake in Maine. At this season of the year the snow had disappeared from the valleys and hills, but the summits of the mountains were still [Pg xvi] white. In all directions the scene was grand and inspiring. We could trace the Kennebec river in its windings to the sea and fancied we could see in the dim distance the blue Atlantic.

To the southwest mountains seemed piled on mountains, while here and there in intermediate vales bright lakes reflected the blue of the upper deep. In this direction there were farms, but they looked like mere dots on the face of the earth. Lake Umbagog lay coiled in the shade of distant mountains in the southwest. We fancied that we could see the ragged crest of the white mountain still further beyond.

The scene had also its historical associations. Along the base of this mountain, on the northwestern side, ere his name had been sullied by the foulest treason in our country’s history, Benedict Arnold bravely led the Colonial troops in the campaign against Canada.

With him, as an aid, was Col. Bigelow, whose name is given to the mountain. The gallant little army halted on the banks of Dead river at the base of the mountain, and made their camp. While the army was resting at this camp Lieut. Bigelow ascended the mountain and planted his country’s flag upon the highest peak, doubtless the first white man who made the ascent, and the mountain is his monument to-day. Around the site of the camp was planted the colony of Flagstaff.

While we were gazing on the magnificent scene, musing upon its varied beauties and recalling its historical associations, the sun set, and reluctantly we set out on our return, a descent the more perilous because it was growing dark. Extreme caution was necessary; nevertheless we made good headway, as we found ourselves sometimes sliding and even rolling down the path that we had ascended with so much difficulty in the forenoon. It was long after nightfall that, tired and hungry, we reached Wyman’s hotel on the banks of Dead river.

Lumbering in Maine. The first thing was to select a place for operations. This was done in the open season. When the winter had fairly set in the lumberman, with his ox teams, generally six oxen to a sled, the sleds laden with camp plunder, would start for the pineries.

The cook would prepare a supper of fried pork, fritters or pancakes, tea, syrup and New England apple sauce, the crew meanwhile cutting boughs, wood, etc. Supper over, the cattle were tied to trees and fed.

Water was secured for evening use only. A glowing fire would be kept up, around which the crew would gather to spend the evening in talking over the adventures of the day, discussing plans for the morrow or singing camp songs.

Every man goes to his assigned duties, the boss in charge having the general oversight. The life of a lumberman is one of exposure to the elements, yet it is not necessarily unfriendly to the development of character. With a well ordered camp and gentlemanly crew the winter may pass away pleasantly, and the young man engaged in the comparatively hard toil of the camp, may, with books and papers and cheerful converse with the more thoughtful of his elders, improve the long evenings spent around the camp fire.

Many a Maine boy has received here the greater part of his training for the duties of after life. Sunday was usually occupied in reading, singing, and doing some of the lighter work of camp, such as repairing sleds, shoeing oxen and making axe helves or visiting neighboring camps. It was a day of rest only so far as the heavier work of the camp was suspended. Sanctuary privileges there were none. The work would often close in the sunny days of March.

The men would mostly depart for home. A few would remain to drive the logs with the first water from the melting of the snows late in April. Driving logs in the rapid waters of Maine is hazardous work. Scarcely a day passes without imminent risk to life and limb of the hardy and venturesome men engaged in the work of breaking log landings and jams, and running boats.

Men are exposed to wet and cold from dawn till dark. This work requires active and vigorous men, constitutionally fitted and carefully trained [Pg xviii] to the work. They are usually sociable, lively and wide awake, these qualities enabling them to endure, and even to enjoy, the life of hardship which they lead, and to which they become so accustomed that they are unwilling to leave it until worn out by its inevitable hardship.

Folsom Frontispiece James S. Blanding Reuben F. Warner opp Rev. Boutwell Devil’s Chair Frank N. Peterson Rev. Washburn opp John S. Pillsbury opp St. Anthony Falls Birdseye View of St. Paul opp Henry H. Sibley opp Alex.

Ramsey opp Henry M. Rice opp Edmund Rice opp Wm. Rainey Marshall opp Wm. Fisher John B. Sanborn opp H. Hall Hon. Le Duc Lucius F. Going West. James Duane Doty 19 James H.

Lockwood 20 Indian Troubles 21 John S. Jones 31 S. Anderson 55 Emanuel D. Farmer 56 Col. John Greely 56 Mrs. Leach 58 Socrates Nelson 58 Mrs. William Holcombe William S. Barron George W.

Brownell Col. Robert C. Murphy Edward Worth Mrs. Mary C. Worth Maurice M. Samuels Joseph B. McGlothlin Andrew L. Tuttle John Weymouth B. Reynolds Augustus Gaylord James D. Reymert William J. Stratton Elma M. Blanding Blanding Family Frederick G. Bartlett Michael Field Alden Rev. Peabody V. Smith Clayton Reuben F. Nason Joel F. Gallespie Luck William H. Carmi P. Garlick John S.

Godfrey William A. Talboys Charles H. Staples J. Peake George Wilson Samuel B. Dresser Frederic A. Dresser Oscar A. Clark Oscar F. Knapp Mrs. Elisabeth B. Hayes Cyrus G. Bradley W. Hale Edgar C. Treadwell St. Croix Falls St. Samuel Deneen William W. John B. Page Dr. Henning Moses S. Gibson Col. Otis Hoyt S.

Fuller Miles H. Van Meter Philip B. Jewell John Tobin Horace A. Moffatt James H. Childs William Dwelley James M. Fulton Marcus A. Fulton David C. Fulton N. Holden William H. Semmes Sterling Jones D. Bailey Henry C. Baker Mert Herrick D. Baldwin John Comstock Lucius P.

Wetherby John C. Spooner Thomas Porter Herman L. Humphrey Theodore Cogswell Frank P. Catlin Charles Y. Denniston A. Jefferson Samuel C. Symonds John E. Price E. Bundy Towns and Biographies. Bradley William Dailey Robert and Wm. Johnson Joel Bartlett Francis W. Bartlett George C. Hough Silas Staples Dr. Henry Murdock Steven N. Samuel Harriman St. Vance Allen R. Wilson E. Pierce Hans B. Taylor John Huitt John M. Thayer A. Andrews Joseph A.

Short Prof. Allen H. Weld Allen P. Weld George W. Nichols W. Powell Oliver S. Powell Nils P. Haugen H. Burnett County. Stratton Barron County. Ashland County. Haskell G. Vaughn Dr. Edwin Ellis Martin Beaser Hon. Sam S. Fifield Bayfield County. Newton Judge Solon H. Clough Vincent Roy D. Frederic Ayer Rev. William T. Boutwell Discovery of Itasca [Pg xxx] Mrs. Hester C. Grant, Sr. Robinson Hiram Brackett Randall K. Burrows John S. Kanabec County. History, Boundaries, etc.

Danforth N. Danforth Alvah J. Cater M. Cater Edwin Allen John H. Allen A. Damon [Pg xxxi] C. Ingalls Mrs. Lavina L. Hallberg Charles A. Anderson Frank N. Pratt Voloro D. Eddy F. Brown Patten W.

Davis James F. Harvey Floyd S.

❿

BY W. H. C. FOLSOM. – Windows 10 1703 download iso itasca illinois tollway

Worth Maurice M. Hoffman’s study provided contexts for associated projectile point types in Massachusetts Figure 8. No overlap of any kind was ever recognized.❿

Windows 10 1703 download iso itasca illinois tollway.Issue 084 – December 2003 – Everything you want, Everything You Need

Tilts 90u in. Switchable: sound, rotating or static Mirror swings degrees Dichroic dish Is sound-activated Durable plastic case. Switchable: sound, rotating or static Barrel rotates degrees Dichroic dish is sound-activated Durable plastic case.

Turntables, PA systems, keyboards, lighting rigs and so much more. Watch for New Release Version 3. Effects Processors: Icing on the Cake Electronic confections can add some extra flavor to your music By. On some units Q is adjustable, while others are pre-set to useful shapes. Enhancers can add sparkle to your sound, when used properly. When used sparingly, the result can be improved clarity clearer vocals or punchier bass and stereo imaging.

It takes the upper and. What else to do really need for killer sound? A rackmount equalizer EQ can be a valuable tool for timing your audio output to the room and minimizing feedback.

The most useful type of device for DJ sound is the graphic EQ. Understanding reverb and echo is also helpful when you have people singing through your system. These are both types of delay that can be applied to a signal to add a sense of depth. Reverb is a short, random reflection of sound that is added back to the original signal to simulate room ambiance. When the amount of delay is above milliseconds it is perceived as a separate sound, or echo.

Tasteful use of these effects can help singers sound better and feel more like they are on a real stage. A popular way to add a bunch of effects to your set-up in one shot is the multi-effects unit. These create different oscillations of sound, resulting in everything from increased warmth or. More and more mixers are coming equipped with beat-synced effects as well. Described simply, this involves using two amplifiers to play your program aterial. To accomplish this, you add a crossover to the signal path after the mixer, prior to the two power amps.

The crossover takes the full-range signal from the mixer and divides between the low bass frequencies and the rest of the spectrum, usually midrange and high frequencies. For larger events, this gives you not only more power but also more control over the overall sound. The low frequencies should now be handled by a speaker specifically.

Along with high-quality, appropriately sized amps and speakers, the crossover is an essential part of your audio expansion. When researching your crossover network, remember to consider the type of connectors to match properly with your other gear , rackmountability, special features, size, system compatibility, and reputation, as well as price.

Most manufacturers of mixers and EQs also make crossovers. Some are basic and easy to use while others are packed with bells and whistles and thus require more skill to set up. This is an internal network inside the speaker itself that allows you to keep using a single amplifier. You connect the amp to the lowrange speaker, which has a high-pass output that lets the upper frequencies continue on their way to another full-range speaker. Be sure to check that your amp can handle the lower impedance that is.

Our low minimum order 20 makes It affordable even at small events! Rent a FISCO and produce personalized party favors on the spot Includes 2 operators, chocolate for over people, and technology equipment all for one price. Chocolate Printing Company Janna Feiguinova fjanna yummypix. This adds speakers but also helps you avoid having to expand or drastically reconfigure your rack setup, since the amp is built-in. Of course the tradeoff is a saving of space for an increase in the weight going up on the speaker stand.

More and more companies are coming out with powered units that are worth looking into. The go-anywhere, fit-anywhere cabling solution. All Rights Reserved. Planet Waves is a Trademark of J. Patent Pending. These sounds will jump out of the speakers and be right there in front of my eyes! In live performance, i put the full mix through the Sonic Maximizer to make the sound come to life. This book lists over 1, of the most requested songs of all-time.

Each listing includes the title, artist,year released and the BPM where applicable. Plus,for your convenience, the entire list is sorted five ways: alphabetically by title and artist, category, BPM count and year! Pro Imaging is a complete pre and post production company, enabling Disc Jockey companies to offer photography and video services to their clients without incurring large cost.

Brides spend four times as much on their photographer and video services than their Disc Jockey Last time Mobile Beat looked at Monday through Friday opportunities in March , there was a huge boom in Internet start-up companies, cash was abundant and everything was coming up roses. Times have certainly changed in both the corporate world and the DJ world; but there is still quite a bit of weekday work to be had—you just have to look in slightly different places. So what is it doing just sitting there when it could be making you more money?

There is a surprising amount of money up for grabs in the sound reinforcement and equipment rental market and much of this business occurs during the week when your equipment is idle. Typically, you need only a good amp, two speakers, a small mixer and a mic or two. During the week many large companies host meet-. As the leading brand of karaoke in US, RSQ has complete line of karaoke equipments including players, portable systems, amplifiers, speakers, microphones, and other accessories.

The goal of our business is to satisfy all consumers. New Product line. Your source for a complete computerized system. In a discussion with a catering professional who refers my company, I explained that she could also refer us for this type of weekday work.

Your challenge is to get those who refer you to call you for this weekday work as well. How To Start. Essentially, this is a description of the rental services you have to offer. Even your previous wedding and social customers might be a good source of referrals through their places of employment. Just think of everything you can do with this [compact piece of DJ dynamite!

Another good source of business is providing sound for press conferences. These are events where the company wants to get their message across to the working media. It was a lot less work for the same dollar. Look for large start-ups, companies that are in transition, or companies that are particularly controversial. One of the best places to look for press conference work is through any local public relations company or political action committee PAC.

These entities are always holding public addresses at a variety of locations and can keep even a larger Mobile DJ company busy. What You Might Face. Simply plug this mixer into the mic input on. If you develop a good working relationship with these companies, often they will offer you a discount and may call upon you now and again to offer you work.

Many times, people will rent a sound system from them and not know where to find a great DJ to run it. To garner more of these dances I sent out a simple single-page flyer that detailed all the things we can do for middle school dances including music video presentations as well as interactive activities.

I then followed up with a few phone calls and found a very receptive audience. Some school groups simply want the music that they like played at intense listening levels. Others are interested in more interactive activities. Whatever the case, middle school dances are almost always held in the late afternoon and tend to be. For those DJ companies who do bar and bat mitzvahs, this can also be a good source of job leads.

Surprisingly, college sororities and fraternities also have a number of weekday activities. Setting Your Prices. The way my company works is that we go with the systems so we can keep an eye on things while shaking hands and kissing babies to promote the next event. In most cases, your local sound rental company might charge for a basic sound system, but then charge extra for each additional wireless microphone, for the podium, the press bridge, etc. Every little item has an additional charge.

The bottom line is, the more you can make during the week the less you have to fight the rest of the crowded DJ community on the weekend.

Work the weekends you choose and spend the rest hanging out around the pool! Box , E. Rochester, NY No black walnut was identified. The modem range for black walnut in New England continues to find this taxa restricted to the coastal areas as far north as southern Massachusetts Little These black walnut specimens may be related to intentional planting during the Little Climatic Warming period.

The new climatic conditions allowed their survival in the north; then human cultivation encouraged their continued growth. Significantly, the advent of maize horticulture along the floodplain of the Connecticut River, as evidenced from remains found at the Morgan site and Burnham Shepard did not eradicate the typical floodplain taxa as was found in Tennessee.

In that case, Cridlebaugh noted that a shift to upland taxa became necessary following intense levels of clearing the floodplain for maize agriculture. It may have been that maize agriculture was successful along the floodplain due to the warming climate and a decrease in spring and fall flooding that threaten crops today. Stratigraphic analyses and sedimentation records remain to be explored to determine if this was the case in southern New England.

Combining climate proxy data from the Greenland ice cores, oxygen isotope studies, pollen and plant macrofossils, as well as the sediments from lakes, ponds and swamps can make increasingly reliable inter- pretations. The botanical assemblages from cultural features at archaeological sites help refine the local environmental picture, and complement the other available data. Evidence for several global climate changes has been recorded in Connecticut and elsewhere in southern New England, based on lake level changes, sediment anomalies, shifts in pollen accumulation rates, and range extensions for various plant macrofossils.

However, we need more details on the sedi- ments from archaeological sites as well as more AMS dating of individual plant remains to further refine the picture of the past. Any errors are my own. Barghoorn, Jr. Johnson, pp. Philips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. Bendremer, J. University of Connecticut. Birks, J.

Walker, L. Cwynar, S. Johnsen, K. Knudsen, J. Lowe, B. Journal of Quaternary Science 13 4 Brackenridge, G. Thomas, L. Conkey, and J. Bryson, R. Baerreis, and W. Dort, Jr. Knox, Jr. University of Kansas Press.

Ceci, L. Clark, G. Geomorphology Cridlebaugh, P. Cushing, E. Wright, Jr. Frey, pp. Dahl-Jensen, D. Mosegaard, N. Gundestrup, G. Clow, S. Johnsen, A. Hansen, N. Science Davis, M. Ecology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Spear, and L. Shane Holocene Climate of New England. Quaternary Research Davis, R. Jacobson, Jr. Deevey, E. Flint Postglacial Hypsithennal Interval. Delcourt, P. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Springer-Verlag, New York. Quaternary Science Reviews 6 2 : Peabody Museum Monographs No.

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Quarterly Review of Archaeology 10 2 : Dorian, C. Fernald, M. Discorides Press, Portland, Oregon. Funk, R. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York. Gaudreau, D. Nicholas, pp. Plenum, New York. Godwin, Sir H. Green, D. Journal of Biogeography Grove, J. Routledge, London and New York. Jackson, S. Jacobson, G. Webb, Ill, and E. K-3 edited by W.

Ruddiman and H. Kellogg, D. Unpublished Ph. Kneller, M. Quaternary Science Review Larabee, P. Largy, T. Lavin, L. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut Little, A. Volume I: Conifers and Important Hardwoods. Publication No. MacDonald, G. Geology Journal of Quaternary Science Submitted to Canadian Journal of Botany Martin, P.

American Journal of Science Mayle, F. Levesque, and L. McAndrews, J. In Quaternary Paleoecology, edited by E. Cushing and H. Yale Press, New Haven. McWeeney, L.

Ia Charcoal Identification for the Millbury Site. Report prepared for the Albert Morgan Archaeological Society. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Appendix D I. Research Report Series No. Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, Virginia. In Coastally Restricted Forests, edited by A. Laderman, pp. Oxford University Press, New York. Miller, N. Journal of Arnold Arboretum 60 2 : Moeller, R. North American Archaeologist 5 3 Newby, P.

In review for Quaternary Research. Quaternary Research 41 North American Pollen Data Base n. Peteet, D. Daniels, L. Heusser, J. Vogel, J. Southon, and D. Vogel, D. Nelson, J. Southon, R. Nickmann, and L. Journal of Quaternary Science 9 2 : Pfeiffer, J.

Rhodora 88 Ridge, J. Besonen, M. Brochu, S. Brown, J. Callahan, G. Cook, R. Nicholson, N. Thompson, B. Fowler, and P. G’4ographie Physique et Quaternaire 53 1 Robinson, B. Robinson, J. Petersen, and A. Robinson, pp. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology No. Sneddon, L. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Boston. Spear, R. Davis, and L. Ecological Monographs Stea, R. Boreas Taylor, K. Lamorey, G. Doyle, R. Alley, P. M Grootes, P. Mayewski, J. White, and L. Nature Thorson, R.

Geoarchaeology Watts, W. Ecological Monographs 49 4 Porter, pp. Webb, R. Anderson and T. Webb, III. Webb, T. Bartlein, and J. K 3 edited by W. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. Whitehead, D. Ecological Monographs 51 4 Yu, Z.

McAndrews, U. Zielinski, G. Mayewski, L. Meeker, S. Whitlow, M. Twickler, M. Morrison, D. Meese, A. Gow, R. Alley Record of Volcanism Since B. The Connecticut sample includes dates. Connecticut dates are compared to radiocarbon chronologies from five other Northeastern states New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland and West Virginia and southern Ontario.

Connecticut and other New England states have bi-modal distributions of radiocarbon dates after BP. Maize may not have been as significant to prehistoric subsistence in New England as in the Middle Atlantic region, and Late Woodland population increases were apparently less pronounced in New England. These included only forty-five dates from archaeological sites and five geological dates. Only three dates were from Connecticut archaeological sites.

The first Connecticut dates were two samples submitted by Suggs from the Manakaway site in Greenwich. David Thompson submitted the third Connecticut archaeological date from the Binette site, Naugatuck. In the three decades following Jordan’s early survey, radiocarbon dating became the most frequently utilized method for developing absolute chronologies for prehistoric sites and associated artifacts. Table I assembles published and unpublished radiocarbon dates from Connecticut archaeological sites.

These dates derive from cultural resource management surveys, doctoral studies, museum research files, academic institutions, and investigations by professional and avocational archaeologists. This list is intended as a research tool for cross-referencing radiocarbon samples, archaeological sites, artifact assemblages, and archaeological reports.

However, this paper poses the hypothesis that radiocarbon dates also reflect broader prehistoric cultural processes. Radiocarbon dating is commonly employed by archaeologists to evaluate prehistoric culture changes among material artifacts such as projectile points, ceramic types, burial practices, and subsistence patterns particularly the origins of agriculture.

For example, all prehistoric peoples built hearths for warmth and cooking. More dated hearths might reflect more people during specific prehistoric periods. Perhaps questionable radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites also provide chronological information for human activities in an environment over time.

Charcoal might reflect periods of site occupations even if not directly associated with artifacts that archaeologists wish to date. Cultural factors probably influenced archaeological site formation, kinds of features constructed and preserved, and associated radiometric dates.

For example, throughout the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods it is assumed that Native Americans hunted and gathered naturally occurring animal, plant and fish resources. Human populations were mobile in order to exploit highly pro- ductive seasonal resources, such as changes in animal ranges, fish spawning runs, and the differential ripening schedules of greens, roots, fruits, seeds and nut resources.

Many archaeological sites in Connecticut were reoccupied over thousands of years, suggesting favorable environmental conditions at particular locations. Woodland period agriculture involved production of new food resources that might have led to lower seasonal mobility.

Agriculture is also often associated with human population increases e. Sedentary agricultural lifestyles might have led to new types of deep storage features that were conducive to preservation of charcoal and other organic remains e. Greater numbers of features might have been associated with agricultural subsistence patterns such as food storage facilities, postholes from permanent structures, middens resulting from annual or pro- longed seasonal occupations, and perhaps palisades or other fortifications.

Therefore, adoption of agricul- tural subsistence strategies might be indicated by increasing numbers of radiocarbon dated features than during pre-agricultural times.

Many environmental factors also effect carbon preservation. Because charcoal and other organic matter physically decay over time, fewer and smaller carbon samples are usually available from Paleo- Indian and Archaic period sites than from more recent Woodland period sites. Geological processes have destroyed archaeological sites throughout the Holocene period of human occupations. Sea levels have risen and have inundated coastal sites. Rivers and streams have eroded valleys and terraces.

Geomorphic proc- esses have probably destroyed a greater number of older archaeological sites, and associated charcoal samples, than recent sites. Carbon physics and chemistry also influence radiocarbon dates as valid chronological indicators of human occupations at archaeological sites. Bristlecone pine calibrations Suess ; Stuiver et al. Recent data from Greenland ice cores and uranium-thorium dates from corals and from other sources have extended the cali- bration range to include the Paleo-Indian period e.

By Paleo-Indian times, the magnitude of error for radiocarbon dates is more than 2, years earlier than actual calendric dates. Radiocarbon dates are usually reported as BP dates radiocarbon years before present, and are converted to calen- dric dates BC or AD following calibration. Shells, bone and short-lived plant materials have often provided inaccurate radiometric dates. Accelerator mass spectrometry AMS dating techniques have greatly relieved problems of small carbon samples and differences among dated materials.

C 13 isotope corrections can also be applied to plant samples with a C4 pathways, including maize and other cultigens. Radiometric dates also reflect the research designs of individual archaeologists who selectively excavate sites, submit samples, and publish results from radiometric dating to support specific research questions.

Sets of radiocarbon dates might reflect biases among researchers rather than unbiased samples of archaeological sites or features. Many of these factors were considered when assembling radiocarbon data from Connecticut. Inter- pretations of the Connecticut radiometric chronology were aided by comparisons with other radiocarbon sequences from Northeastern North America. Until about , archaeological sites were recorded by Smithsonian inventory numbers identifying the state number e.

Since approximately , the Connecticut Historical Commission and the Office of the State Archaeologist have inventoried archaeological sites by an alphabetical town number and site series number e. The Connecticut radiometric database derives from combined efforts of numerous archaeologists and research institutions. The Connecticut database presently includes radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites Table I.

Radiocarbon dates are listed from older to more recent dates. Information was collected from published sources, unpublished archaeological survey reports on file with the Connecticut Historical Commission, Ph.

C C 12 corrections were selected for this list when this information was available. Laboratory numbers are reported on Table I. Connecticut site inventory numbers have been compiled for named sites from computerized site files of the Connecticut Historical Commission. Radiocarbon dates are also presented for twenty-two sites that either have not yet received site numbers or for which site forms have not yet been filed with the Connecticut Historical Commission.

Towns and physiographic regions associated with archaeological sites have also been reported on Table I. Archaeological information presented on Table I includes site names, features or site proveniences of dated samples, and the material submitted for dating e.

Projectile point types, ceramic types, cultigens, and other important cultural materials associated with radiocarbon dates are included on Table I. Typological information for artifacts often varies between archaeological reports.

The expected prehistoric cultural periods of artifacts are also listed. Published and unpublished references for radiocarbon dates are presented below. Table 2 summarizes the radiocarbon database from Connecticut towns and physiographic regions.

Table 2 describes the numbers of archaeological sites with radiocarbon dates, the numbers of individual dates from towns, and the range of dates from towns. Only 34 percent of Connecticut towns 57 towns have dated prehistoric archaeological sites. Most towns have few dates that only encompass segments of the prehistoric chronological sequence. Ledyard has the most dates 41 dates largely resulting from cultural resource surveys sponsored by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation.

The Northwest Highlands encompass an area of The highest point in Connecticut is feet elevation on Mount Frissel at the northwest comer of the state. The average elevation for all towns in the Northwest Highlands is feet above sea level O’Brien Mountains and rolling plateaus drain into the narrow valleys, including the Shepaug River tributary to the Housatonic River, and the Farmington River that drains into the Connecticut River.

An aggressive program of archaeological excavations and radiocarbon dating began in western Connecticut during by the Shepaug Valley Archaeological Society Swigart Swigart reported 10 radiocarbon dates from the Northwest Highlands and II dates from towns in the adjacent Western Uplands. The Institute has continued to support archaeological research projects. The present sample of radiocarbon dates from the Northwest Highlands includes 32 dates from 20 archaeological sites among six towns Table 2.

This is the smallest sample of radiocarbon dates from any region of Connecticut. This date derived from an organic sample and might be of geological rather than human origin. Western Uplands The Western Uplands is a region of rolling hills and valleys. The uplands are also head- waters to several smaller rivers that flow south into Long Island Sound including the Norwalk, Saugatuck, Mill and Pequonnock Rivers.

The Western Uplands includes The average elevation of towns in the Western Uplands is feet above sea level O’Brien The Western Uplands presently have a sample of 61 radiocarbon dates from 26 sites among II towns. McWeeney’s three earliest carbon samples between 10, to BP probably relate to Paleo-Indian occupations at the Templeton site.

All of these Paleo- Indian charcoal samples were identified as oak or hickory wood, suggesting early Holocene expansion of temperate hardwoods into the uplands of Connecticut by Paleo-Indian times McWeeney A total of 36 radiocarbon dates were procured from sites along the Connecticut sections of the transmission corridor, including 14 dates from seven Western Upland sites, 21 dates from three sites in the Western Coastal Slope region, and one date from the Northwest Highlands.

Other cultural resource management surveys have also contributed substantial numbers of radiocarbon dates from the Western Uplands. Seven dates are available from the Newtown Sewer site in Newtown Jones et al. David Thompson , , personal communication, has maintained a tradition of Archaeological Society of Connecticut field research in the Western Uplands, reporting six dates from the region.

Western Coastal Slope Long Island Sound provides rich environments of marine fisheries, abundant coastal shellfish, and estuary habitats with diverse plant and fish nursery communities. Sea levels have risen throughout the Holocene period of human occupations. The shoreline of Long Island Sound was approximately 40 m below modern sea levels at approximately 12, BP, 25 m lower between approximately and BP,5 m lower at BP, and approximately 2 m lower at BP Gayes and Bokuniewicz Rising seas have destroyed older archaeological sites along former coastlines, and have eroded headlands and inundated river valleys that may have been important locations for human occupations.

A total of 60 radi- ocarbon dates has been reported from 19 archaeological sites within five towns Table 2. Wiegand has accumulated 34 pub- lished and unpublished radiocarbon dates from nine sites in the region Wiegand , , and personal communication. In addition, excavations conducted along the Iroquois Gas Transmission System included 21 radiocarbon dates from three sites in Milford Millis et al.

Central Valley The Central Valley formed from faulting and subsidence along its eastern border and sedimentary filling of the valley floor Bell Metacomet Ridge rises along the middle of the Central Valley as a result of volcanic intrusions into sedimentary brownstone formations.

Following glaciation, the falls of the Connecticut River at Windsor Locks was a significant ecological barrier to spawning fish moving up the Connecticut River. The Central Valley encompasses an area of 1, Towns of the Central Valley average feet elevation O’Brien The prehistoric chronology of the Central Valley contains 66 dates from 36 archaeological sites in sixteen towns Table 2.

Kevin McBride initiated intensive radiocarbon dating for his doctoral research within the Connecticut River valley. McBride’s doctoral dissertation and preparatory publications reported 15 radio- carbon dates from the Central Valley, 13 dates from the Eastern Uplands, and 19 dates from the Eastern Coastal Slope regions McBride , ; McBride and Dewar In , Peter Pagoulatos completed a study of Terminal Archaic settlements, reporting nine new radiocarbon dates within the Connecticut River valley.

In , Jonathan Lizee a reanalyzed prehistoric ceramics associated with the Windsor Ceramic Tradition from dated archaeological sites both within and outside the Connecticut River drainage also see Lavin , These studies greatly expanded information about the timespans of particular artifact types and subsistence resources within Connecticut. Many other archaeological projects have been conducted in the Central Valley.

Yale University conducted excavations at the Lewis-Walpole site, Farmington, between and , and Starbuck published 2 radiocarbon dates. Feder a, b, , in press, n. The region was greatly affected by Pleistocene glaciation, and many modern landforms were formed from moraines and deltatic deposits Lewis and Stone Similar to the Western Coastal Slope, rising sea levels have inundated early Holocene shorelines and associated archaeological sites.

The Eastern Coastal Slope contains radiocarbon dates from 44 archaeological sites within eight towns. John Pfeiffer reported 22 dates from the region in publications leading toward his doctoral dissertation at the State University of New York at Albany about Late Archaic and Terminal Archaic cultures of the lowest Connecticut River valley Pfeiffer , ; Pfeiffer and Stuckenrath MPMRC project files include 29 unpublished dates from seven sites.

Many other archaeological surveys have been conducted along the Eastern Coastal Slope. Amateur archaeologists have investigated possible Medieval Celtic settlements at Gungywarnp, Groton, and have received radiocarbon dates of , , and BP preceding, contemporaneous with, and following the supposed Medieval period of early European colonization Barron , Whittall and Barron Eastern Uplands The Eastern Uplands encompasses an area of 1, square miles within 41 towns Figure 1.

The region is primarily composed of rolling metamorphic formations that form headwaters to the Salmon and Moodus Rivers draining to the Connecticut River, the Yantic and Shetucket Rivers that form the Thames River at Norwich, the Quinebaug River that joins the Shetucket River above Norwich, and the Pawcatuck River that is the boundary with Rhode Island Bell The average elevation of towns in the Eastern Uplands is feet above sea level O’Brien A total of 34 new radiocarbon dates was reported from this project, including dates for Neville-Stark projectile points from the Bolton Spring site ranging between BP and 10, BP.

Regions of Connecticut differ in the number of radiocarbon dates and sites investigated by archae- ologists Table 2. The Eastern Coastal Slope contains twice the number of dated sites and more than three times as many radiocarbon dates as the Northwest Highlands. Varying sample sizes of radiocarbon dates might influence assessments of regional cultural chronologies.

Differing histories of archaeological research within various regions might have introduced biases into the radiocarbon database. Lizee a and Lavin , focused on Woodland sites that contained ceramics. Bendremer ; also George focused on Late Woodland agricultural sites. Many CRM highway surveys have been conducted along level river terraces that may not have existed during the Early Holocene.

Do selective research designs inflate numbers of radiocarbon dates from particular periods? Table 3 summarizes temporal distributions of radiocarbon dates from different physiographic regions in Connecticut.

Dates have been combined into standardized year intervals based upon uncalibrated mean laboratory dates. The primary assumption of this study is that radiocarbon dates represent relatively unbiased samples. While archaeologists may differentially select artifacts or feature types for dating, we believe that archaeologists are incapable of predicting specific ages of radiocarbon samples.

Archaeologists often reject radiocarbon dates that do not meet preconceived chronological parameters for artifact use or site occupations. Rejected dates are also included in this database. Rejected dates may provide previously unsuspected evidence for cultural chronologies. Figure 2 presents frequency curves numbers of dates per year intervals for total Connecticut radiocarbon dates and chronologies for six physiographic regions. Several patterns are notable. If archaeological research designs have biased the radiocarbon database, then separate regions should have differing radiocarbon chronologies based on research activities of individual archaeologists.

These modes are not expressed in the Northwest Highlands possibly because of the small number of dates from this region, but perhaps also because of different cultural-ecological processes in mountainous habitats. Sea level rise, and consequent destruction of early archaeological sites, may have been more severe along the Western Coastal Slope than along the Eastern Coastal Slope.

Late Archaic dates are less common in the west than the east. No amount of sampling bias can account for the consistent lack of radi- ocarbon dates between BP and BP across all physiographic regions of Connecticut.

Connecticut radiocarbon dates dates per year interval in geographic region. Geographic patterning of these radiocarbon date modes is beyond its likelihood of archaeological sampling bias, and probably reflects undetermined cultural processes in Connecticut. The vast, northern expanse was all unoccupied save by a few farms at the foot of the mountain, and by a few camps of lumbermen, hunters and trappers.

Looking to the northeast, we saw in the blue distance, glittering with snow drifts, Mount Katahdin. A little north of the divide line to Katahdin lay Moosehead lake, the largest, most beautiful lake in Maine. At this season of the year the snow had disappeared from the valleys and hills, but the summits of the mountains were still [Pg xvi] white.

In all directions the scene was grand and inspiring. We could trace the Kennebec river in its windings to the sea and fancied we could see in the dim distance the blue Atlantic. To the southwest mountains seemed piled on mountains, while here and there in intermediate vales bright lakes reflected the blue of the upper deep.

In this direction there were farms, but they looked like mere dots on the face of the earth. Lake Umbagog lay coiled in the shade of distant mountains in the southwest. We fancied that we could see the ragged crest of the white mountain still further beyond. The scene had also its historical associations. Along the base of this mountain, on the northwestern side, ere his name had been sullied by the foulest treason in our country’s history, Benedict Arnold bravely led the Colonial troops in the campaign against Canada.

Around the site of the camp was planted the colony of Flagstaff. While we were gazing on the magnificent scene, musing upon its varied beauties and recalling its historical associations, the sun set, and reluctantly we set out on our return, a descent the more perilous because it was growing dark. Extreme caution was necessary; nevertheless we made good headway, as we found ourselves sometimes sliding and even rolling down the path that we had ascended with so much difficulty in the forenoon.

It was long after nightfall that, tired and hungry, we reached Wyman’s hotel on the banks of Dead river. Lumbering in Maine. The first thing was to select a place for operations. This was done in the open season. When the winter had fairly set in the lumberman, with his ox teams, generally six oxen to a sled, the sleds laden with camp plunder, would start for the pineries.

The slow ox teams would consume many days making the journey. The crew of men employed for the winter generally met the teams in camp. The snow would [Pg xvii] be cleared away for the camp, and a fire built. The cook would prepare a supper of fried pork, fritters or pancakes, tea, syrup and New England apple sauce, the crew meanwhile cutting boughs, wood, etc.

Supper over, the cattle were tied to trees and fed. Water was secured for evening use only. A glowing fire would be kept up, around which the crew would gather to spend the evening in talking over the adventures of the day, discussing plans for the morrow or singing camp songs.

Thus the evening would pass merrily and swiftly. At the hour for retiring parties of two would spread their blankets on a couch of fir or cedar boughs, and lie down to rest. Next morning the cook would rise at four o’clock to prepare breakfast, which over, as soon as it was light enough the crew would commence the work of the day. Every man goes to his assigned duties, the boss in charge having the general oversight. The life of a lumberman is one of exposure to the elements, yet it is not necessarily unfriendly to the development of character.

With a well ordered camp and gentlemanly crew the winter may pass away pleasantly, and the young man engaged in the comparatively hard toil of the camp, may, with books and papers and cheerful converse with the more thoughtful of his elders, improve the long evenings spent around the camp fire.

It was a day of rest only so far as the heavier work of the camp was suspended. Sanctuary privileges there were none. The work would often close in the sunny days of March. The men would mostly depart for home. A few would remain to drive the logs with the first water from the melting of the snows late in April. Driving logs in the rapid waters of Maine is hazardous work. Scarcely a day passes without imminent risk to life and limb of the hardy and venturesome men engaged in the work of breaking log landings and jams, and running boats.

Folsom Frontispiece James S. Blanding Reuben F. Warner opp Rev. Boutwell Devil’s Chair Frank N. Peterson Rev. Washburn opp John S. Pillsbury opp St.

Anthony Falls Birdseye View of St. Paul opp Henry H. Sibley opp Alex. Ramsey opp Henry M. Rice opp Edmund Rice opp Wm. Rainey Marshall opp Wm. Fisher John B. Sanborn opp H. Hall Hon. Le Duc Lucius F. Going West. James Duane Doty 19 James H. Lockwood 20 Indian Troubles 21 John S. Jones 31 S.

Anderson 55 Emanuel D. Farmer 56 Col. John Greely 56 Mrs. Leach 58 Socrates Nelson 58 Mrs. William Holcombe William S. Barron George W. Brownell Col. Robert C. Murphy Edward Worth Mrs. Mary C. Worth Maurice M. Samuels Joseph B. McGlothlin Andrew L. Tuttle John Weymouth B. Reynolds Augustus Gaylord James D. Reymert William J. Stratton Elma M. Blanding Blanding Family Frederick G. Bartlett Michael Field Alden Rev. Peabody V. Smith Clayton Reuben F. Nason Joel F. Gallespie Luck William H.

Carmi P. Garlick John S. Godfrey William A. Talboys Charles H. Staples J. Peake George Wilson Samuel B. Dresser Frederic A. Dresser Oscar A. Clark Oscar F. Knapp Mrs. Elisabeth B. Hayes Cyrus G. Bradley W. Hale Edgar C. Treadwell St. Croix Falls St. Samuel Deneen William W. John B. Page Dr. Henning Moses S. Gibson Col.

Otis Hoyt S. Fuller Miles H. Van Meter Philip B. Jewell John Tobin Horace A. Moffatt James H. Childs William Dwelley James M. Fulton Marcus A. Fulton David C. Fulton N. Holden William H. Semmes Sterling Jones D. Bailey Henry C. Baker Mert Herrick D. Baldwin John Comstock Lucius P.

Weld Allen P. Weld George W. Nichols W. Powell Oliver S. Powell Nils P. Haugen H. Burnett County. Stratton Barron County. Ashland County. Haskell G. Vaughn Dr. Edwin Ellis Martin Beaser Hon. Sam S. Fifield Bayfield County. Newton Judge Solon H. Clough Vincent Roy D.

Frederic Ayer Rev. William T. Boutwell Discovery of Itasca [Pg xxx] Mrs. Hester C. Grant, Sr. Robinson Hiram Brackett Randall K. Burrows John S. Kanabec County. History, Boundaries, etc. Danforth N. Danforth Alvah J. Cater M. Cater Edwin Allen John H.

Allen A. Damon [Pg xxxi] C. Ingalls Mrs. Lavina L. Hallberg Charles A. Anderson Frank N. Pratt Voloro D. Eddy F. Brown Patten W. Davis James F. Harvey Floyd S. Bates Isaac H. Warner Charles F. Lowe Wells Farr John G. Mold George L.

Blood Joel G. Jesse Taylor Joshua L. Taylor Nathan C. Taylor Thomas F. Morton Henry N. Setzer Patrick Fox William F. Newbury Emil Munch A. Wilmarth Lucius K. Stannard James W. Mullen David Caneday George B. Folsom Aaron M. Chase Peter Abear Levi W. Folsom Eddington Knowles Dr. Lucius B. Smith William Comer E. Whiting and Brothers Frederic Tang, Sr. Folsom George W. Seymour James A. Edwards Stephen J.

Gray John P. Tombler Dr. Furber Samuel W. Furber Theodore Furber James S. Dibble George Harris Harley D. Crosby Reuben H. Parker Hiram Berkey George B. Otis William Clark James R.

Meredith [Pg xxxiv] John D. Ward Samuel Judd Frederic W. Lammers James R. Ford Daniel Hopkins, Sr. Lyman Henry A. Jackman Frederic J. City of Stillwater. Isaac Staples Samuel F. Murdock George M. Seymour Frank A. Susannah Tepass William E. Thorne Edmund J. Butts A. Easton Edwin A. Folsom John B. Castle Abraham L.

Gallespie John C. Gardiner V. Seward Ralph Wheeler Edward S. Van Voorhes Andrew J. Van Voorhes Henry C. Van Voorhes C. Bromley Charles J. Butler Levi E. Thompson George Davis William M.

McCluer John N. Ahl Samuel M. Register J. Johnson Gold T. Curtis Harley D. Curtis Francis R. Delano Henry W. Cannon Dwight M.

Stearns County. Organization and History of St. Wilson Charles T. Stearns Henry G. Collins Henry C. Waite Gen. Lowry A. Evans Ambrose Freeman Nathan F. Barnes Nehemiah P. Clark Oscar E. Garrison Charles A. Gilman Other Citizens Anoka County. Arnold S. Ridge J. Green S. Haskell M. Frost A. Bean A. Fridley William Staples Capt. James Starkey Sherburne County. DeLille Howard M. Atkins B. Cater J.

Bean J. Jamieson A. Heath Dr. George Royal George W. Benton County. Benedict J. Wood William H. Wood Mrs. Wood A. DeLacy Wood P. Wood Rev. Hamlin Morrison County.

Churchill John M. Kidder Warren Kobe Ola K. Black Ira W. Bouch Robert Russell Peter A. Green Rodolphus D. Kinney John D. Logan Crow Wing County. White Allen Morrison Charles F. Aitkin County. Watkins St. Louis County. Stuntz George E. Stone Charles H. Graves Ozro P. Stearns Lake County. Description Two Harbors Cook County. Anthony Incorporated Annexation to Minneapolis, St. Anthony List of Mayors Water vs. Calvin A. Tuttle Cyrus Aldrich Dr. Alfred E. Ames Dr. Albert A. Ames Jesse Ames Cadwallader C.

Washburn William D. Washburn Joseph C. Russell Horatio P. Van Cleve Charlotte O. Lennon John H. Stevens Caleb D. Dorr Rev. Edward D. Neill John Wensignor Robert H. Hasty Stephen Pratt Capt. John Tapper R. Cummings Elias H. Conner C. Foster A. Foster Charles E. Vanderburgh Dorillius Morrison H. Morrison F. Cornell Gen.

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